柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程的火焰传播模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用Fluent(经典流体动力学软件)对柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,模拟了不同点火位置和火焰传播方向条件下连通容器内火焰传播过程和压力变化,并分析了连通容器内不同时刻的速度场.结果表明:火焰面在传播过程中并非完全对称,当火焰到达传爆容器后,湍流燃烧剧烈,火焰不规则变形显著;端面点火后在传爆容器内产生的压力峰值和压力波动比中心点火时更大;当起爆容器为大容器时,传爆容器内气体预压缩程度更大,压力峰值更高.     

"鸟巢"演唱会人员疏散CA-BP仿真研究

针对现今大型活动中的人群踩踏事故频发问题,通过对"鸟巢"演唱会进行人流疏散仿真分析,研究紧急情况下人流疏散逃生规律及均衡疏散方法.通过设置人员速度、移动余值、出口逃生条件等因素扩展元胞自动机行人流模型,并借助Matlab语言实现可视化仿真模拟,以探究人流疏散逃生规律;引入疏散系数,并通过建立BP神经网络获取较优疏散系数,均衡各个出口所承担的疏散任务.结果表明,"鸟巢"演唱会在疏散过程中人群对通行出口的选择较为不合理,仿真疏散总时间长达455.5 s,与理想疏散曲线所得疏散总时间270.0s相比,存在40.7％的偏差,为减小此偏差引入出口疏散系数指导人群定向选择出口,通过仿真模拟得到的疏散总时间为312.0 s,减少约31.5％,出口选择不均衡现象被显著缓解.最后提出了针对疏散不平衡问题的相关措施.     

石膏矿采空区顶板冒落冲击气浪传播规律及安全防范研究

为探索石膏矿采空区顶板冒落灾害形成及演化过程中的微观动力学行为,以某危害型石膏矿为研究背景,选择"打气筒"模型进行了空场法采空区顶板冒落相似物理模拟试验,并利用高速摄像及纹影技术,直观地记录分析冲击气浪产生时流场在直线型、转弯型、独头式模型巷道处的传播规律及变化特性.结果表明,在直线型巷道内传播时,冲击气浪并非按直线传递,而是气浪前端阵面会发生回转,与气浪尾部和后续的气浪叠加、交混,一起向前传递.在转弯型巷道中,冲击气浪传播至巷道转弯处时,气浪会马上在此改变传播方向,开始沿着转弯方向,向巷道出口传播.当气浪完全通过此处后,由于巷道围岩和空气的阻力,冲击气浪前端部分气流又会回流至此,进行二次破坏.在独头式巷道中传播时,由于巷道一端封合密闭,气体无法涌出,气浪无法在独头巷道中顺利向前传递,而是与巷道中的气浪相互叠加、碰撞,持续地、无规则地流动.     

Ignition hazard evaluation on A2L refrigerants in situations of service and maintenance

To restrict the progress of the global warming, A2L refrigerants such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf), (Z/E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze), and difluoromethane (R32) have been expected of alternatives to the standard refrigerants currently in use. The ignition hazard of A2L refrigerants under plausible accident situations in service and maintenance was examined experimentally for two cases: leakage of an A2L refrigerant from a pinhole in a pipe or hose (Scenario 1), and leakage of an A2L refrigerant into an item of equipment used for service and maintenance, such as a collection device (Scenario 2). In Scenario 1, the location of the flammable zone and the possibility of a jet flame being formed instantaneously on contact with an ignition source were examined. Even when R1234yf leaked from a 4 mmϕ pinhole (corresponding to breakage of a pipe), the flammable zone extended only about 10 cm from the pinhole in the downstream region. In an ignition test with a continuous spark as the ignition source, a pale emission appeared only near the spark, and the flame did not propagate to the rest of the refrigerant jet. In Scenario 2, the accumulation and ignition behaviors of A2L refrigerants in a model collection device were examined experimentally. Ignition and flame propagation occurred in a test on a model collection device lacking slits, whereas when slits wider than 20 mm were present, ignition and flame propagation did not occur. Even if R1234yf leaked into the model collection device, provided that slits of an effective width were present, the R1234yf could diffuse through slits and barely accumulated, and no ignition or flame propagation occurred.     

甲烷煤尘耦合爆炸传播特性及伤害研究

为探究煤尘质量浓度对甲烷煤尘耦合爆炸传播特性及伤害距离的影响,自制长15 m的爆炸管道系统,用体积分数为7％甲烷分别与质量浓度为0、50、100和200 g/m3的煤尘进行耦合爆炸试验,并根据质量、动量和能量守恒理论推导出最大压力计算公式.结果 表明:不同质量浓度煤尘与甲烷耦合爆炸时,最大压力均随与爆源距离的增加呈现出...     

火灾现象的数值模拟及其应用

本文讨论了模拟火灾现象的数值方法及其应用。着重研究了火焰发热、空气流动和烟尘传播的数学模型，讨论了紊流模型中浮力项的处理和边界条件的简化，并介绍了这一课题的研究现状和发展方向。     

活性粉末混凝土(RPC)的断裂力学性能

在试验及观察的基础上,对活性粉末混凝土的断裂过程进行定性分析,给出活性粉末混凝土的裂纹发展原理及钢纤维的增韧机理,并分析其不同于普通混凝土的两个基本断裂特征。介绍了利用缺口梁三点弯曲试验确定混凝土拉伸软化本构方程的方法。基于Hillerborg模型,提出活性粉末混凝土的拉伸软化模型,根据三点弯曲断裂试验结果,确定出活性粉末混凝土的双线性拉伸软化曲线中的具体参数。据该软化曲线公式,计算出的活性粉末混凝土断裂能同试验得出的值相比,误差仅为0.9%。笔者得出的双线性软化曲线能较精确地反映活性粉末混凝土材料的断裂特性,可为今后进行RPC裂缝的分析和预测提供定量计算的依据,对于研究活性粉末混凝土的断裂能、尺寸效应等问题也很具意义。     

Integrity and Rights of Plants: Ethical Notions in Organic Plant Breeding and Propagation

In addition to obviating the use of synthetic agrochemicals and emphasizing farming in accordance with agro-ecological guidelines, organic farming acknowledges the integrity of plants as an essential element of its natural approaches to crop production. For cultivated plants, integrity refers to their inherent nature, wholeness, completeness, species-specific characteristics, and their being in balance with their (organically farmed) environment, while accomplishing their “natural aim.” We argue that this integrity of plants has ethical value, distinguishing integrity of life, plant-typic integrity, genotypic integrity, and phenotypic integrity. We have developed qualitative criteria to ethically evaluate existing practices and have applied these criteria to assess whether current plant breeding and propagation techniques violate the integrity of crop plants. This process has resulted in a design of a holistic, scientific approach of organic plant breeding and seed production. Our evaluation has met considerable criticism from mainstream (crop) scientists. We respond to the following questions: (1). Can ethics be incorporated into objective crop sciences? (2). What is the nature of the intrinsic value of plants in organic farming? We argue that criteria to take integrity into account can only be assessed from a holistic perspective and we show that a holistic approach is needed to design such ethical notions in a consistent way. The ethical notions have been further elaborated by formulating human responsibility and respect towards crop plants. Responsibility and respect can only be shown by providing crop plants the right to be nurtured and to express natural behavior at all levels of integrity.     

利用超声波CT的容器内温度测量

本研究的目的是建立一种应用超声波CT原理测量容器内温度分布的非破坏性检测方法.为了详细描述超声波穿过铝管的传播过程(铝管内装满水),基于FDM(有限差分方法)编制的计算机源码用于计算机模拟,计算模拟结果与测定的超声传播时间相当吻合.同时,建立了一套温度测量的实验装置,以测定管道内的平均温度和温度分布,在温度分布测量中,CT技术被用于测量管道内的对称温度分布.结果显示整个测定系统的测量误差不超过±2度.     

预应力混凝土连续刚构箱梁桥裂缝病害分析

某预应力混凝土连续刚构箱梁桥在运营过程中出现了箱粱顶板纵向裂缝，腹板斜裂缝和横隔板竖向裂缝。通过理论计算对其裂缝病害成因进行了研究，指出这些裂缝病害主要系由行车荷载、温度作用及桥墩沉降等多种原因所致，同时还对其裂缝病害状况进行了评估。