中国的生态服务消费与生态债务研究

人类无节制的消费正在耗尽自然生态资本,危及未来繁荣。1980—2005年,尽管生物生产力提高途径使中国人均生物承载力倍增至1.15 ghm2,但由于社会经济代谢对生态服务需求的强烈增长特别是化石能源消费的快速增长,人均生态债务持续扩大,2005年达到1.02 ghm2。我们的生态足迹已经超出生物更新能力的89%。省份尺度上,中国85%以上的省份长期处于生态负债状态,目前仅海南、福建与西藏三省是生态盈余的。中国及其大多数省份的生态债务本质上属于软债务,主要系生态服务供需存在空间的、时间的以及组分结构的矛盾造成的。这部分债务可通过跨区贸易及跨时占用的途径得以缓解。土地资源赋存约束与经济旺盛增长耦合作用,致使生态信贷紧缩已成为中国的一个全国性挑战。在自然资本普遍成为世界各国发展限制因子的背景下,中国全面推行科学发展观,积极扭转生态信贷紧缩,遏止生态衰退。     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.     

完善环境政策体系 控制环境污染形势

目前,我国总体环境形势可概括为：局部地区和行业的部分环境指标有所改善,环境恶化状况未得到根本遏制,环境形势依然十分严峻,未来的环境压力将继续加大。要想从根本上解决问题,就必须从实际出发,加强应对污染事故的机制建设,建立环境保护长效机制。其中,极为重要的一环是完善环境政策、法规、标准、制度体系。     

重庆市企业环境信用评价体系建设存在的问题及解决路径研究

目前,建设完善的可操作性强且适合重庆的企业环境信用评价体系是健全重庆市市场经济体制、防范经济金融风险的需要,是重庆市社会信用体系建设的重要内容,也是"诚信重庆"建设的重要环节.通过对重庆市企业环境信用评价体系进行分析,指出了评价体系中存在的评价指标不合理、评价周期长、公众参与度不够、评价结果公信力不足等问题,并从建立评价指标与管理成效响应关系、提高评价过程透明度、加大评价结果运用等方面提出了建立完善重庆市企业环境信用评价体系的解决路径.     

Metal prices and the business cycle

Metal price fluctuations have recently been of interest not only because of their cyclical volatility but also of their interaction with business cycles. A related issue is whether metal prices move together sufficiently to collectively reflect macroeconomic influences. Correlation or the tendency for prices to move together has been termed “comovement”, where the commonality in prices reflects the tendency of commodity markets to respond to common business cycle and trend factors. Metal prices are known to respond to macroeconomic influences and the latter might well explain the common factor which causes them to move together. Our goal is to provide an estimate of the common factor in metal prices and to relate this factor to important macroeconomic influences. The prices we study are for aluminum, copper, tin, lead and zinc; the macroeconomic variables include industrial production, consumer prices, interest rates, stock prices, and exchange rates. Our results confirm that the common factor in metal prices can be related to such macroeconomic influences.     

浅析应收账款信用政策的评估

企业在改变销售政策或在几种政策中做出选择时,要权衡增加的收益和相关的成本,做出正确的决策.赊销效果的好坏,取决于企业的信用政策,包括信用期间、信用标准、现金折扣等.对信用政策中各项指标的评估,重要项目的重点估算,使应收账款的管理更加有效.     

Project appraisal and planning for overdeveloped countries: II. Shadow pricing under uncertainty

In the uncertainty that surrounds the future availability of nonrenewable natural resources and the efficacy of technological advance, the economic costing of resources should be undertaken probabilistically. While optimistic assumptions entail little change from the costing procedures used in conventional cost-benefit analysis, even moderately pessimistic assumptions lead to a much increased cost for nonrenewable resources. These lead in turn to a reappraisal of the value of investment and of the cost ascribed to other factors of production. Even when optimistic assumptions are deemed the more plausible, a utility-maximizing evaluation may still give more emphasis to pessimism.     

Status of Species Conservation Banking in the United States

Abstract:  Receiving financial gains for protecting habitat may be necessary to proactively protect endangered species in the United States. Species conservation banking, the creation and trading of "credits" that represent biodiversity values on private land, is nearly a decade old. We detail the biological, financial, and political experience of conservation banking in the United States. We contacted agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and bank owners and compiled comprehensive accounts of the experiences of current banks. There are 76 properties identified as conservation banks in the United States, but only 35 of these are established under a conservation banking agreement approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The 35 official conservation banks cumulatively cover 15,987 ha and shelter a range of biodiversity, including more than 22 species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Financial motives drove the establishment of 91% of conservation banks, and the majority of for-profit banks are breaking even or making money. With credit prices ranging from $3,000 to $125,000/0.41 ha (1 acre), banking agreements offer financial incentives that compete with development and provide a business-based argument for conserving habitat. Although the bureaucracy of establishing an agreement with the USFWS was burdensome, 63% of bank owners reported they would set up another agreement given the appropriate opportunity. Increasing information sharing, decreasing the time to establish agreements (currently averaging 2.18 years), and reducing bureaucratic challenges can further increase the amount of private property voluntarily committed to banking. Although many ecological uncertainties remain, conservation banking offers at least a partial solution to the conservation versus development conflict over biodiversity.     

构建环保信用档案势在必行

本文着重论述了建立环保信用档案的重要性、必要性；构筑诚信理念，加强诚信建设的紧迫性；鲜明地提出了构建环保信用档案的历史必然。     

改善信息环境,促进企业征信行业的发展

企业征信行业的存在和发展是进一步规范我国市场经济秩序的保证,也是我国加入WTO与国际接轨的需要.我国征信行业刚刚起步,在发展过程中存在很多困难和问题,其中最大的问题就在于信息环境方面的缺陷,如资信信息数据库的缺失和封锁、有关法律的缺位等.这一核心问题严重制约着企业征信行业的发展,因此必须改善信息环境,即完善资信信息数据库的建设、规范企业征信公司行为,以此促进企业征信行业的发展.