一种确定湖泊水质基准参照状态浓度的新方法

在确立湖泊营养物基准的过程中,湖泊水体参照状态的确定是十分重要的一个步骤.本文基于广义极值分布理论,发展提出了一种确定湖泊参照状态浓度的新方法.该方法克服了频率分析法等描述性统计方法存在的数据分组可能造成人为误差和不便于统计推断,难以进行可信度评价的缺陷,能有效地推断给出参数和物质浓度置信区间.将该方法应用到太湖的水质基准参照状态中,通过对太湖湖心两个站点1995～2006年总氮(total nitrogen,TN),总磷(total phosphorus,TP)和叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)的数据进行分析,其年最小值的相反数符合广义极值分布,验证了方法的可行性.推荐采用25%分位点的值作为太湖总氮,总磷和叶绿素a的参照状态,即太湖的参照状态是:总氮0.71 mg·L-1,总磷0.025 mg·L-1,叶绿素a为1.81μg·L-1,并分别得出了它们各自的95%置信区间.     

简单放热化学反应体系热安全性研究判据

许多危险化学物质在发生热化学反应的同时通常会放出热量,如果能量不能有效释放就可能引起火灾和爆炸事故,考虑到化学物质对热的响应方式非常复杂,从分析绝热条件下化学物质的热化学反应动力学入手,利用化学物质的物理化学特性参数计算化学反应体系在绝热条件下发生热化学反应的温升速率dT/dt,进而获得有关的动力学因子A,E等。结果表明,尽管在近似绝热条件下化学反应体系的热化学反应与其本身的特性和反应容器有关,但温升速率dT/dt只与物质的物理化学特性参数有关。含氯酸钾的几种简单放热反应体系的ARC实验结果进一步验证了这一结论。因此,同一种化学物质与不同物质构成的多元混合反应体系在相同近似绝热条件下的热化学反应特征参数,可以作为判据用来比较并评价体系的相对安全性,该判据对表征热化学反应的难易程度以及物质的相对安全性起到一定的指导意义。     

A Two‐Decade Watershed Approach to Stream Restoration Log Jam Design and Stream Recovery Monitoring: Finney Creek,Washington

A federal, state, and private partnership leveraged resources and employed a long‐term, systematic approach to improve aquatic habitat degraded by decades of intensive forest management in Finney Creek, a tributary to the Skagit River of Northwest Washington State. After more than a decade of work to reduce sediment sources and the risk of landslides within the watershed, log jam installation commenced in 1999 and progressed downstream through 2010. Log jam design was adapted as experience was gained. A total of 181 log jams, including 60 floating log ballasted jams, were constructed along 12 km of channel. The goal was to alter hydraulic processes that affect aquatic habitat formation along 39 km of stream with emphasis on 18.5 km of lower Finney Creek. Aquatic habitat surveys over a five‐year period show an increase in the area of large pools and an accompanying increase in residual and maximum pool depth in the lower river reach. Channel cross sections show a generally deeper channel at the log jams, better channel definition in the gravel deposits at the head of the log jams, and improved riffle and thalweg development below the log jams. Stream temperature in the upper river decreased by 1.0°F in the first three years, and 1.1°F in the lowest treated reach over nine years. There is a trend of less stream heating over the restoration time period. Photo points show that riparian vegetation is recolonizing gravel bars.     

农业技术的综合评价指标初探

为了对农业技术进行推广前景预测或推广后的效益评估，建议采用生物学的合理性、技术的可行性、经济的有利性、生态学的持续性和社会的可接受性作为综合评价的原则．并提出了相应的定量比评价指标体系。     

Responses of benthic insect communities to effluent from the abandoned Ferris-Haggarty copper mine in southeast Wyoming, USA

This study provided information about the benthic insect communities that are present in the impacted reaches of Haggarty Creek.     

化工企业突发大气环境风险评价标准的探讨

为了有效评价突发性化工环境污染事件的环境影响程度,急需建立科学有效的环境风险评价体系,而科学合理的风险评价标准体系是进行准确环境风险评价的前提和基础.本研究在对国内外风险评价标准体系研究分析的基础上,指出国内现有风险标准体系的LC50和IDLH阈值用于短期急性接触空气浓度标准值不尽合理.通过对比分析AEGLs、ERPGs、TEELs、AETLs等国际上通用标准值的出台背景、意义及适用条件,建议我国在化工行业突发性环境污染事件的环境风险评价过程中,优先选用AEGLs作为评价标准,其次选用ERPGs和TEELs,并以LC50及IDLH作适当补充.文中以某化工园区为例进行了比较研究,结果表明,与现行的LC50和IDLH相比,AEGLs、ERPGs、TEELs作为标准值能更有效反映有毒化学品突发泄漏对人体健康的影响程度,可作为化工行业突发环境风险事件的评价标准.     

阜新松木皋铁矿地质特征

依据在松木皋铁矿区的野外地质工作,对获得的各类地质、地球物理信息的综合分析与研究,总结其地质矿产特征,论述铁矿与地层、构造、岩浆岩及变质作用间的相互关系,并进一步探讨找矿方向。     

Green supplier selection generic framework: a multi-attribute utility theory approach

This paper presents a generic framework integrating environmental and social criteria leading to a comprehensive selection process of green suppliers. Traditionally, price, quality, lead time and flexibility are considered for the supplier selection. With the increase in awareness of environmental and social responsibility issues, many companies are tending towards adopting green concepts and sourcing green suppliers. This study proposes a framework consisting of environmental (E), green (G) and organisational (O) factors that are required for the green supplier selection process. These factors are further classified as criteria for which attributes are presented. A hierarchy is constructed to facilitate in evaluating the importance of the selected criteria and alternatives of green suppliers. To cater to the multi-criteria decision-making approach with both quantitative and qualitative attributes, we applied the multiple attribute utility theory, which is a decision support that helps managers formulating viable sourcing strategies. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the approach.     

滑坡预报模型和预报判据

滑坡时间预报的核心是预报模型和预报判据的建立。本文通过查阅大量资料，总结了滑坡预报中的多种预报模型和预报判据，重点对其适用性进行了分析研究。为了提高滑坡的预报水平，本文认为滑坡预报必须建立在深入研究滑坡类型、滑坡特征、变形特点和形成机制的基础上，以监测资料为依据，将滑坡预报理论模型、预报判据以及根据斜坡的宏观变形破坏迹象和前兆信息等几者有机地结合起来，建立滑坡预报的综合信息预报方法。