技术经济分析在制定污染物排放标准和治理方案中的应用

文章介绍了在环境工程中运用技术经济学的方法和内容,对环境工程项目的技术可行性和经济合理性进行综合评价,从而使环境工程投资决策建立在科学分析的基础上。     

我国人群对标准气味物质的愉悦度测评特征

组织73名嗅辨员,采用9级度量法,评价香草醛(5 g/L)和愈创木酚(体积分数为0.000 5%)的愉悦度,分析我国人群愉悦度分布特征,提出愉悦度测评条件。结果表明,香草醛的愉悦度评价总体平均值为1.26,愈创木酚的愉悦度评价总体平均值为-1.18。男性嗅辨员香草醛的愉悦度均值为1.42,女性嗅辨员为1.05。提出为尽可能抵消个体之间存在的主观差异,愉悦度测试小组人员数量应该在15人以上,且男女成员比例应该相当。     

污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论和常用模型

污染场地土壤通用评估基准的建立与每个国家的经济水准及社会发展紧密相关.从国际相关领域的发展趋势来看,场地基准的建立基于风险基础之上.我国正在颁布污染场地风险评估技术导则(C-RAG),表明我国已选择风险基础上的污染场地管理模式.文章回顾了污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论、方法及通用模型,并推荐污染场地评估的模型框架,...     

基于区域差异的污染物削减总量分配研究

随着污染物总量控制手段在我国的不断推进与深化,如何公平合理地在不同区域之间分配污染物削减总量是学术研究和政府决策关注的重要问题。在对现有的污染物（削减）总量分配方法及其体现的不同分配思想进行比较的基础上,充分考虑污染物从产生、削减到排放的全过程影响因素,提出了合情合理的污染削减分配公平准则。以COD削减总量分配为例,构建了相应的公平分配指标体系,重点考虑各地区在污染物结构减排、工程减排和环境质量状况等方面的差异,基于熵权法建立了体现区域差异的“改进的等比例分配方法”,并对我国省际间COD削减总量分配进行了案例研究。结果表明,这种改进的等比例分配方法,在考虑公平的基础上同时兼顾了各省市之间的差异性,为我国在不同区域间进行不同类型污染物的削减总量分配提供了新的思路与方法     

太湖TCIPP和TCEP的人体健康水质基准及风险评估

有机磷酸酯作为溴代阻燃剂的替代物,在各种环境介质及生物体中不断被检出,因其可能具有生殖毒性、内分泌干扰效应和致癌性等效应,受到人们的广泛关注.本文以太湖流域为研究对象,选择两种典型有机磷酸酯磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCIPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),开展人体健康水质基准研究.基于太湖流域的人群暴露参数和...     

Supporting multi-stakeholder environmental decisions

This paper examines how multiple criteria analysis (MCA) can be used to support multi-stakeholder environmental management decisions. It presents a study through which 48 stakeholders from environmental, primary production and community interest groups used MCA to prioritise 30 environmental management problems in the Mackay-Whitsunday region of Queensland, Australia. The MCA model, with procedures for aggregating multi-stakeholder output, was used to inform a final decision on the priority of the region's environmental management problems. The result was used in the region's environmental management plan as required under Australia's Natural Heritage Trust programme. The study shows how relatively simple MCA methods can help stakeholders make group decisions, even when they hold strongly conflicting preferences.     

水体沉积物重金属生物有效性及评价方法

在研究以重金属为主要污染物的水体中,通常把沉积物视为探索环境重金属污染的工具。由于沉积物中重金属化学行为和生态效应的复杂性,对沉积物中重金属生物有效性的研究是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文就沉积物中重金属的生物有效性及沉积物质量评价方法作了简要评述。包括沉积物对水生生物的作用机理,孔隙水重金属浓度的估算,沉积物质量评价方法,沉积物质量基准。     

Between war and peace: humanitarian assistance in violent urban settings

Cities are fast becoming new territories of violence. 1 The humanitarian consequences of many criminally violent urban settings are comparable to those of more traditional wars, yet despite the intensity of the needs, humanitarian aid to such settings is limited. The way in which humanitarian needs are typically defined, fails to address the problems of these contexts, the suffering they produce and the populations affected. Distinctions between formal armed conflicts, regulated by international humanitarian law, and other violent settings, as well as those between emergency and developmental assistance, can lead to the neglect of populations in distress. It can take a lot of time and effort to access vulnerable communities and implement programmes in urban settings, but experience shows that it is possible to provide humanitarian assistance with a significant focus on the direct and indirect health consequences of violence outside a traditional conflict setting. This paper considers the situation of Port‐au‐Prince (Haiti), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Guatemala City (Guatemala).     

大型钢筋混凝土结构相似性准则及试验方案研究

目前对于大型钢筋混凝土结构的动力分析研究中,结构动力模型试验与破坏试验仍然是了解结构非线形动力响应与地震破坏形态的一种重要手段。原型结构与模型结构之间各种力学和物理量的相似关系至关重要。本文结合三峡升船机抗震试验,首先介绍了原型基本概况,基于原型对模型进行了设计,给出相似性关系。根据需要研究的内容,给出了可实施的具体方案,包括准备阶段、弹性小震阶段、设计地震阶段和超设计地震阶段,并对加载的地震时程进行了设计。期望研究成果对今后开展大型钢筋混凝土结构的破坏试验工作有一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

MULTIPLE CRITERIA SCREENING OF A LARGE WATER POLICY SUBSET SELECTION PROBLEM1

ABSTRACT: A new screening approach is applied to a large‐scale multiple criteria water management problem to remove actions that cannot possibly be in the best subset. An inherent advantage of the approach is its ability to identify inferior actions by examining them individually, rather than within subsets. In a case study involving the selection of actions to address high water levels in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence Basin, two statistical indicators, the mode and the mean, are used to aggregate the opinions of experts and representatives of interest groups on the impacts of actions according to various criteria. Application of the screening approach shows that some of the proposed actions can be removed as they can never be in the optimal subset, thereby reducing the size of the problem.