荒漠生态环境监测指标体系初探

讨论了建立荒漠生态环境监测指标体系应遵循的五个原则,并提出初步的荒漠生态环境监测指标体系,将指标体系分为三个部分:(1)荒漠环境指标;(2)荒漠生物指标;(3)社会经济指标.     

钢结构建筑的消防安全性能化设计——系统方法探析

根据钢结构建筑构件耐火性能的特点，应用建筑防火安全性能化设计系统方法对钢结构建筑发生火灾时热、烟对建筑结构和建筑内人员的影响进行了分析研究，确定了火灾下人员与建筑结构的安全准则。运用FDS4．0对一建筑实例建模，通过模型与建筑实际火灾相似性的计算机数值模拟研究，得出了火灾情况下建筑内的热、烟蔓延情况，同时采用ANSYS8．0分析技术对火灾下钢结构的结构反应进行了研究。以性能化设计系统方法对钢结构建筑发生火灾进行了耐火分析研究，在此基础上给出了定量的分析方法，为钢结构建筑的火灾安全工程设计和应用提供了一种新的技术。     

重金属单一污染对灯心草生长及重金属积累特性的影响

盆栽试验结果表明：在土壤环境质量标准低浓度设置范围内，Cd、Pb、Cu能够刺激灯心草的生长。而灿（地上部除外）、Zn在整个浓度设置范围内对灯心草的生长都表现出抑制作用。相对于地上部而言，各重金属对灯心草地下部生物量影响趋势不明显。单一污染条件下，各种金属对灯心草各项生长指标的抑制程度大小排序为：Zn〉As〉Cu〉Pb〉Cd。以灯心草生物量减产10％为依据，可以将土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu三种重金属临界值分别设定为10ms／ks、100mg／kg、100ms／ks。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植，土壤中As临界值则尚需作进一步的研究来确定。除Cd外，其余四种重金属均主要积累在灯心草根部。根据线性回归分析，Cd、Ph在灯心草地上部和地下部以及灿在灯心草地下部的积累量与土壤中对应各重金属添加量之间存在显著线性关系（P〈0．5）。     

ESTIMATING NUTRIENT AND SEDIMENT THRESHOLD CRITERIA FOR BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: This study employs a simple nonlinear statistical approach to establish nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentration and unit area load thresholds to aid in the evaluation of aquatic biological health of watersheds within the state of Pennsylvania. Flow, nitrogen and phosphorus species, sediment, basin area, land cover, and biological assessment data were assembled for 29 Pennsylvania watersheds. For each watershed, rating curves depicting flow versus load relationships were developed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) storage and retrieval database (STORET) flow and concentration data, then applied to daily flow data obtained from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) daily flow gauging stations to estimate daily load between 1989 and 1999. The load estimates and concentration data were then sorted into six sets of data: mean annual unit area nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads; and average nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations. Results of Mann‐Whitney tests conducted on each of the six datasets indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the concentrations and unit area loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in impaired and unimpaired watersheds. Concentration thresholds, calculated as the midpoint between the impaired and unimpaired watersheds’ 95 percent confidence interval for the median, were estimated to be 2.01 mg/L, 0.07 mg/L, and 197.27 mg/L for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment, respectively. Annual unit area load thresholds were estimated to be equal to 8.64 kg/ha, 0.30 kg/ha, and 785.29 kg/ha, respectively, for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment species.     

隐孢子虫病及其水媒传播控制

综述了隐孢子虫和隐孢子虫病的特性，症状和传播途径，水媒传播的重要案列及其为水工业和水源保护带来的启示。介绍了隐孢子虫的检测方法和相应水质指标的研究现状；给水工业中控制隐孢子虫病传播的主要手段。     

河流沉积物重金属污染质量控制基准的研究Ⅰ.C-B-T质量三合一方法(Triad)

在综合数据库ＣＥＲＰＤＢＭＳ支持下，利用水体沉积物质量三合一工具（Ｔｒｉａｄ），初步建立江西乐安江表层沉积物中重金属污染的质量控制基准（ＳＱＣ）．通过将化学分析（Ｃ）、毒性鉴定（Ｔ）和底栖群落结构变化（Ｂ）三基元集成为一体的三轴图和相应的响应信息判断矩阵，基于现场生物响应的沉积物质量基准能较为清晰地指示乐安江流域表层沉积物中重金属污染的相对程度和分布模式，体现底栖生物对沉积物重金属污染的剂量响应关系，为进一步制订该区域沉积质量管理标准（ＳＱＳ）、开展后续的污染治理与恢复工程提供技术保证和科学依据．     

污染水中还原性指标相关性探讨

本文介绍了模拟污染水中还原性指标ARs,MRS,BPM,COD,BOD的相关性,以及它们与衡量水变黑程度色阈值之间的关系。     

Comments on selecting a geographic information system for environmental management

Many organizations in environmental fields stand to benefit from the use of a geographic information system (GIS). Selecting a GIS to implement within an organization can be a difficult task that is often required of people with little experience using a GIS. A framework for evaluating competing GIS considers cost, functionality, ease of use, future stability, development potential, support availability, and maintenance costs. Initial cost involves more than the actual purchase price of hardware and software; it includes the cost of building the data base and training users within the organization. Functionality refers to the depth and breadth of capabilities of a GIS. Issues involved in evaluating functionality include the appropriateness of raster vs vector processing and the ability to add your own software. Ease of use is important, but there is generally a trade-off with functionality. The degree of centralization of use of the GIS within the organization affects requirements for ease of use. GIS are rapidly evolving, and as a result it is important to select a system with high potential for future development. With the proliferation of companies offering GIS it is important to select one that is likely to survive and prosper. Similarly, the ability to find support in the forms of technical help, advice, and possibly even skilled employees can be significant.     

ANTIDEGRADATION WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE DELAWARE RIVER: A DISTRIBUTION-FREE STATISTICAL APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Existing water quality for the Middle Delaware Scenic and Recreational River is significantly better than is required by current standards, leaving a potential for degradation. A method is presented for deriving candidate antidegradation water quality criteria for this segment of the Delaware River using statistical analysis of historic (ambient) water quality data. Data for 34 water quality parameters are first evaluated for data density, serial correlation, trend, seasonality, and other factors. These preliminary analyses are based on observation of data plots and application of distribution-free statistical techniques that are insensitive to outliers and are robust to relatively mild violations of basic assumptions. Data for 12 of the parameters have sufficient density for further analysis and can reasonably be modeled as independent and identically distributed over time (either seasonally or for the entire data sets). For these 12 parameters, distribution-free statistical methods are developed and used to derive intervals within which there is high confidence (usually greater than 95 percent) that the quantiles with potential use as anti-degradation criteria (the 0.85^th, 0.90^th, and 0.95^th quantiles in this study) for a particular parameter lie.