湖泊营养物参照状态建立方法研究

建立生态分区内各类型湖泊营养物的参照状态是营养物基准制定过程中最为核心的内容之一。在系统分析和评价国外确定湖泊营养物参照状态的若干种方法,包括参照湖泊法、湖泊群体分布法、三分法、回归分析等几种统计学方法以及模型推断和古湖沼学重建方法后,文章根据总磷（total phosphorus,TP）、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、叶绿素a（chlorophyll a,Chl-a）和塞氏透明度（Secci depth）等四项指标的历史监测数据,应用若干统计学方法建立了巢湖的营养物基准参照状态。通过互相之间的比较分析以及长江中下游湖区古湖沼学重建数据的验证,推荐采用湖泊群体分布法5％点位对应的值作为巢湖营养物基准的参照状态。因此,巢湖营养物参照状态阈值范围为总磷0．023～0．27mg·L^-1,总氮O．62～0．63mg·L^-1,叶绿素aO．65～0．67mg·m^-1,塞氏透明度0．65-0．72m。     

不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应(The Toxicological Effects of Cr6+ on Chlorella Vulgaris, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Microcystis Aeruginosa at Different pH Values)

目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感.     

Section 404 wetland mitigation and permit success criteria in Pennsylvania,USA, 1986-1999

Twenty-three Section 404 permits in central Pennsylvania (covering a wetland age range of 1–14 years) were examined to determine the type of mitigation wetland permitted, how the sites were built, and what success criteria were used for evaluation. Most permits allowed for mitigation out-of-kind, either vegetatively or through hydrogeomorphic class. The mitigation process has resulted in a shift from impacted wetlands dominated by woody species to less vegetated mitigation wetlands, a trend that appears to be occurring nationwide. An estimate of the percent cover of emergent vegetation was the only success criterion specified in the majority of permits. About 60% of the mitigation wetlands were judged as meeting their originally defined success criteria, some after more than 10 years. The permit process appears to have resulted in a net gain of almost 0.05 ha of wetlands per mitigation project. However, due to the replacement of emergent, scrub–shrub, and forested wetlands with open water ponds or uplands, mitigation practices probably led to a net loss of vegetated wetlands.     

Indicators of Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities at the Interface of Science and Policy

Rising global interest in sustainability has triggered attention in indicators as a means of achieving a more sustainable world. Although the search for indicators has led to the development of criteria for good indicators, it has also been dominated by scientific elites. The consequences of such dominance leads to significant social and policy implications, particularly with regard to how the search for sustainability has become defined primarily as a technical/scientific exploration when it is actually a moral and ethical issue. Our discussion about sustainability and appropriate indicators centers on what constitutes the public interest, a question that requires inclusiveness and centers on the interface of science and policy. The paper reviews the rationale for selecting indicators, the functions they serve, and the implications and consequences involved when one sector—science—dominates the debate. The paper concludes with suggestions about appropriate roles of science, policy and the public in the indicator selection process.     

Evaluating the management strategies of a forestland estate--the S-O-S approach

Connecting Multiple Criteria Decision Support (MCDS) methods with SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis yields analytical priorities for the factors included in SWOT analysis and makes them commensurable. In addition, decision alternatives can be evaluated with respect to each SWOT factor. In this way, SWOT analysis provides the basic frame within which to perform analyses of decision situations. MCDS methods, in turn, assist in carrying out SWOT more analytically and in elaborating the results of the analyses so that alternative strategic decisions can be prioritized also with respect to the entire SWOT. The A'WOT analysis is an example of such hybrid methods. It makes combined use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT. In this study, a hybrid method of the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis with Ordinal criteria (SMAA-O) and SWOT is developed as an elaboration of the basic ideas of A'WOT. The method is called S-O-S (SMAA-O in SWOT). SMAA-O enables the handling of ordinal preference information as well as mixed data consisting of both ordinal and cardinal information. Using SMAA-O is enough to just rank decision elements instead of giving them cardinal preference or priority ratios as required by the most commonly used MCDS methods. Using SMAA-O, in addition to analyzing what the recommended action is under certain priorities of the criteria, enables one to analyze what kind of preferences would support each action. The S-O-S approach is illustrated by a case study, where the shareholders of a forest holding owned by a private partnership prepared the SWOT analysis. Six alternative strategies for the management of their forest holding and of old cottage located on the holding were formed. After S-O-S analyses were carried out, one alternative was found to be the most recommendable. However, different importance orders of the SWOT groups would lead to different recommendations, since three of the six alternatives were efficient according to S-O-S analyses.     

On Sand and Duststorms and Associated Significant Dustfall Observed in Chongju-Chongwon,Korea during 1997–2000

Monitoring of the occurrence of sandstorms and dustfallphenomena from 1997 to 2000 was carried out. We refer tosandstorms, duststorms and blowing sand as the phenomenaoccurring in the source region, while significant dustfall is thephenomenon that occur in the sink area. It was noted that while the sandstorms in deserts and loess in NW-N China and Mongolia occurred any time during the year while severe sandstorms occurred frequently from March to May after the springthaw. The wind erosion in the source region usually occurred withwind speeds greater than 8 ms^-1. However, severe sandstorm phenomenon occurred with wind greater than 15 ms^-1 for at least 3 hr or more. In the source regions, sandstorms occurred over60–120 days per year. In Mongolia, the observation of thenumber of sandstorm days decreased due to the increase in rainy days.When a dust cloud from a desert reached the sink region,significant dustfall in the Korean Peninsula occurred due tothe lack of strong winds. We defined the episode ofsignificant dustfall (SD) with the following values: TSP250, PM₁₀ 190 g m^-3 and visibility 6.5 km or less. In Korea, 8–12 episodes of SD occurred per yearwith 12 to 22 SD days. The maximum concentrations of TSP recorded were 989–1396 g m^-3 with PM₁₀ values of 861–996 g m^-3 and with the lowestvisibility of 1.4–1.6 km.     

基于外部性理论的区域耕地保护补偿机制研究——以山东省潍坊市为例

论文通过研究认为耕地保护收益区域分配不平衡是我国耕地快速减少的主要原因之一,构建区域耕地保护补偿机制有利于提高地方耕地保护积极性,抑制耕地减少趋势。论文以经济外部性理论为依据,建立了区域耕地保护补偿机制的理论模型和经验模型,理论模型重点模拟区域耕地保护外部性的影响及对策,而经验模型则探讨了补偿的主体、补偿标准的计算、补偿方式、制度保障和机构设置;最后以潍坊市为例,计算了2005年潍坊市各区市县的区域耕地保护补偿标准,将潍坊市12个县级行政单元划分为7个保护区和5个补偿区,模拟构建了潍坊市2005年区域耕地保护补偿机制。结果表明:在耕地保护外部效益得到补偿后,保护区的土地利用效益得到提升,其保护耕地的积极性也将随之提高,区域耕地保护外部性带来的耕地资源浪费和耕地保护效率缺失问题得到有效解决。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在河流沉积物上的不可逆吸附行为

采用平衡吸附实验和循环吸附/解吸实验,研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸双-(2-乙基-己基)酯(DEHP)在长江和黄河沉积物样品中的吸附特性和不可逆吸附作用.平衡吸附实验结果表明,DMP和DEHP在沉积物上的lgKoc均高于文献报道值,说明沉积物对PAEs的吸附不仅包括在有机质上的分配作用,而且还存在其他吸附过程.循环吸附/解吸实验结果表明,沉积物对DMP和DEHP的吸附包括可逆的线性吸附和不可逆的非线性吸附.DMP和DEHP在4种沉积物样品上的最大不可逆吸附量分别为125.19～337.37μg/g和515.89～591.41μg/g,且最大不可逆吸附量与沉积物的比表面积,阳离子交换量,黑炭含量等呈正相关.DMP可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkroecv)为3.69～4.98L/kg,该值仍大于文献报道的Koc值,说明除在有机碳上的分配作用外,DMP还存在其他的可逆吸附机制.DEHP的lgkorecv为4.12～5.31L/kg,与文献报道值接近,说明DEHP的主要可逆吸附机制为在有机碳上的分配作用.尽管DMP和DEHP的性质差异较大,但二者在4种沉积物上不可逆吸附部分的有机碳标化分配系数(lgkiorcr)接近常数(6.46±0.38)L/kg.由于PAEs在沉积物上存在不可逆吸附,在建立沉积物质量基准时需要考虑其最大不可逆吸附量.     

重大危险源定量风险评估技术研究

系统分析了危险化学品生产装置、设施或场所重大危险源辨识、分级及定量风险评估（QRA）技术,建立了危险化学品重大危险源定量风险评估技术方案;确定了“影响距离”法和“选择数”法进行设备单元选择的技术方法及设备失效模式选择原则;论述了事故后果分析、频率分析及风险计算的技术原理、方法和实施途径;解析了危险化学品重大危险源定量风险评估应实现的目标。     

我国持久性、生物累积性和毒性(PBT)化学物质评价研究

在综合分析美国、加拿大、英国、欧盟等国家和国际组织对PBT化学物质鉴别以及风险管理进展的基础上,重点探讨了我国应如何开展有关PBT化学物质的评价与控制的技术方法和管理对策。给出了我国PBT化学物质风险管理战略目标建议和我国PBT化学物质环境管理鉴别标准建议,并重点讨论了我国PBT新化学物质风险评价方法。