城市地铁暗挖施工地层变形机理及控制实践

笔者结合深圳地铁一期工程的某些暗挖标段工程及地质条件 ,在土层性质试验研究的基础上 ,深入分析了地层大变形机理及其主要影响因素 ,由此确定了地层大变形控制的原则和技术措施。在施工中 ,应用地层变形控制原则及相应的综合技术措施后 ,使地层变形大幅度降低 ,满足了地表环境保护的要求 ,取得了预期的效果     

不同水层光照强度对4种沉水植物生长的影响

选取金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、水盾草(Cabombacaroliniana)、苦草(Vallisneria gigantean)为试验材料,研究不同水层的光照强度对其存活率、株高、生物量等的影响,旨在找出这4种沉水植物在自然条件下的最...     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

长江口疏浚土掩埋对两种贝类存活的影响

疏浚土处置产生的土丘状浮泥,会掩埋原有底质,底栖生物被掩埋后或死亡,或垂直向迁移重新获得生存机会,而使底栖生物群落得以重建.为评价疏浚土掩埋对底栖生物存活的潜在影响,采用长江口深水航道工程疏浚土模拟掩埋尖紫蛤(Sanguinolaria acuta)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix),观测两种贝类对不同埋深的反应及其存活情况.结果表明,文蛤和尖紫蛤被掩埋后均表现出垂向迁移行为,文蛤比尖紫蛤表现出了更强的垂向迁移能力,当掩埋深度为8cm时,可100%迁移至疏浚土表层,获得存活机会,而尖紫蛤仅50%左右个体的进出水管伸出疏浚土表层;疏浚土掩埋深度与尖紫蛤死亡率之间有极其显著正相关关系(R2=0.967,P=0.007<0.01),并求得4d-LC50为6.9cm,95%置信区间5.2~8.6cm.试验所设置掩埋深度与文蛤死亡率之间没有表现出显著相关关系,难以通过统计方法获得文蛤的4d-LC50;借鉴毒理学中推定LOEC(最低有影响深度)的方法,推定文蛤的LOED为10cm.研究表明,疏浚土处置后的沉积厚度对底栖动物种群的存亡具有决定性作用,而底栖动物在被掩埋后表现出的垂向迁移能力大小也可影响自身种群及处置区整个底栖动物群落的最终重建几率,并且积极的管理策略对底栖群落重建意义重大.表4图1参22     

亚洲大陆2000～2002年春季大气沙尘时空特征的数值模拟

将矿物沙尘释放与沉降模式和全球大气化学传输模式相耦合,建立了一个能够完整描述沙尘的扬起、输送和沉降动态过程的模式系统,并利用实时气象资料强迫该模式,对2000、2001和2002年春季(3～5月)亚洲大气沙尘时空特征进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,模拟的3年春季平均大气柱沙尘浓度分布与地面观测的3年春季平均沙尘暴频率分布范围基本吻合,模拟的沙尘气溶胶光学厚度与卫星观测的气溶胶指数具有显著的相关性,验证了该模式对亚洲沙尘的扬起、传输和沉降过程及大气沙尘载荷时空特征有较好的模拟能力,并基于模拟的沙尘释放通量与沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的相关分析,探讨了亚洲沙尘可能的传输路径.     

Calibrating a Basin‐Scale Groundwater Model to Remotely Sensed Estimates of Groundwater Evapotranspiration

Remotely sensed vegetation indices correspond to canopy vigor and cover and have been successfully used to estimate groundwater evapotranspiration (ET_g) over large spatial and temporal scales. However, these data do not provide information on depth to groundwater (dtgw) necessary for groundwater models (GWM) to calculate ET_g. An iterative approach is provided that calibrates GWM to ET_g derived from Landsat estimates of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The approach is applied to different vegetation groups in Mason Valley, Nevada over an 11‐year time span. An uncertainty analysis is done to estimate the resulting mean and 90% confidence intervals in ET_g to dtgw relationships to quantify errors associated with plant physiologic complexity, species variability, and parameter smoothing to the 100 m GWM‐grid, temporal variability in soil moisture and nonuniqueness in the solution. Additionally, a first‐order second moment analysis shows ET_g to dtgw relationships are almost exclusively sensitive to estimated land surface, or maximum, ET_g despite relatively large uncertainty in extinction depths and hydraulic conductivity. The EVI method of estimating ET_g appears to bias ET_g during years with exceptionally wet spring/summer conditions. Excluding these years improves model performance significantly but highlights the need to develop a methodology that accounts not only on quantity but timing of annual precipitation on phreatophyte greenness.     

基于环境一号卫星的四川盆地气溶胶光学厚度精细化反演

四川盆地为中国灰霾形势较为严重的区域之一,对四川盆地大气灰霾的监测具有十分重要的意义。利用环境一号卫星数据,对能表征大气污染程度的气溶胶光学厚度进行了反演。提出了用EVI植被指数判定暗像元精细化反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法,该方法能较好地去除部分大气影响,气溶胶光学厚度反演结果与CE318的气溶胶光学厚度结果相关性较高,误差较小,具有较高的精度,反演结果满足精细化要求。反演结果表明,四川盆地内有德阳、成都、眉山和乐山4个气溶胶光学厚度高值区,该高值区呈带状分布且与四川盆地的地形密切相关。     

遥感技术在灰霾监测中的应用综述

介绍了灰霾遥感监测的基本原理,论述了基于图像变换的TC法、HOT法和基于反演气溶胶光学厚度的灰霾遥感监测技术,以及造成灰霾天气的秸秆燃烧遥感监测方法.指出卫星遥感技术可以提供大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,以及全球性的大气环境综合遥感数据,是灰霾监测与综合治理的重要途径.     

The Role of Prices in Conserving Critical Natural Capital

Abstract: Until recent decades, economic decision makers have largely ignored the nonmarket benefits provided by nature, resulting in unprecedented threats to ecological life‐support functions. The economic challenge today is to decide how much ecosystem structure can be converted to economic production and how much must be conserved to provide essential ecosystem services. Many economists and a growing number of life scientists hope to address this challenge by estimating the marginal value of environmental benefits and then using this information to make economic decisions. I assessed this approach first by examining the role and effectiveness of the price mechanism in a well‐functioning market economy, second by identifying the issues that prevent markets from pricing many ecological benefits, and third by focusing on problems inherent to valuing services generated by complex and poorly understood ecosystems subject to irreversible change. I then focus on critical natural capital (CNC), which generates benefits that are essential to human welfare and have few if any substitutes. When imminent ecological thresholds threaten CNC, conservation is essential and marginal valuation becomes inappropriate. Once conservation needs have been met, remaining ecosystem structure is potentially available for economic production. Demand for this available supply will determine prices. In other words, conservation needs should be price determining, not price determined. Conservation science must help identify CNC and the quantity and quality of ecosystem structure required to ensure its sustained provision.     

大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能影响因素的客观权重研究

火灾时的大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能,受钢构件温升和结构整体抗火临界温度的影响.本文通过对无保护大空间建筑钢构件温升数据的统计分析,获得包含火源功率、建筑体积、钢构件截面形状系数的钢构件温升拟合公式;结合单跨门式刚架结构整体抗火临界温度数据的统计分析,获得包含荷载比、柱高和系数K的结构整体抗火临界温度拟合公式;通过分...