高梁种子萌发成苗过程中水分需求的量化研究

用渗透势不同的聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）６０００模拟外界环境水分条件，对高梁不同品种的种子在萌动、萌发及成苗３个阶段水分需求的量化研究表明：种子的抗旱性随吸水进程的推进而减弱，种子在萌动、萌发及出士成苗的时间（ｔ）与外界环境水势（ｗ）之间存在着１／ｔ＝ａ＋ｂｗ的关系，据此推算不同品种在不同成苗阶段的需水阈值，发现不同品种在同一成苗过程中对环境水分条件的反应不同，抗旱性也不同．     

环洞庭湖丘岗地区雨水资源和管理策略

环洞庭湖丘岗地区是我国南方丘陵农林复合生态系统的典型板块。雨水资源对生态系统水环境、水平衡具有不可替代性。生态系统水环境要素的定位观测和小流域水平衡监测研究表明:该地区雨水资源呈季节性配置,系统水平衡过程有明显盈(季节性水富余311.3mm)、亏(季节性水亏缺134.7mm)现象。本地区自然降雨大约有76%产生派生资源参与系统水分循环,其余部分主要以径流形式溢泄入下游水域;雨水侵蚀使该地区每年流失或向洞庭湖水域输送水1.31×1010m3、泥沙1.64×106m3、养分(N、P、K)0.89×104t。集雨利用是本地区农业雨水管理的基本形式,据研究估测,可利用的集雨水量为现今农业可用地灌溉水需求量的2.41倍;可集雨水量和农业集雨需求量的比值与系统尺度有关。影响生态系统水平衡和农业集雨利用有两大因子,即人工蓄调雨水的局限性和坡地生态系统构建。因此,雨水资源的生态管理重在坡地系统构建---地表植被植物群落的组配和土壤生产力持续性保护。     

Climate controls on dust storm occurrence in Maowusu Desert, Inner Mongolia, north China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｓｔｓｔｏｒｍｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈｒｅｍｏｖｅｌａｒｇｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｏｐｓｏｉｌ,ｐｌａｙａｍａｉｎｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｉｎａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉ ａｒｉｄｌａｎｄｓ.Ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｕｓｔｓｔｏｒｍｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ,ｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｄｉｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｖｉｔｙ .Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔ…     

云南哀牢山大气降雨过程中养分输入及输出变化的初步研究

本文以滇西南中山湿性常绿阔叶林为研究对象,分析了大气降雨对该森林生态系统养分输入和输出的影响。结果表明,该地区在大气降雨过程中养分输入：Ｎ以大气降雨为主；Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ以穿透雨为主,它们分别占总输入量的６９．８５％、７７．３３％、９８．１９％和８０．４０％；Ｃａ养分输入,大气降雨和穿透雨约各占总输入量的一半,分别是４５．３５％和５４．３８％。养分输出以地下土壤渗漏为主,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ分别占总输出量的９６．５２％、８６．７９％、６９．１３％、９８．１７％和９７．２１％。在养分循环中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ分别增加了１５．９４１ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ、０．３５３ｋｇ／ｈａ,ａ、３．８３ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ和１．２６４ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ．,而Ｍｇ则减少了０．６５４ｋｇ／ｈａ．ａ。     

增进我国水资源利用的途径

本文解释中国水资源丰富而且年内逐月分布合适的情况和原由,列举了北半球各地年降水量和年内1月及7月气温的资料,以资比较。其次说明地区或流域水资源的意义和估算主水资源量和客水资源量的公式,区别了可利用的和自然存在的水资源,把可利用的水资源量分析为当地有效雨量、深层有压地下水量和外来值得引用的水量。最后提出增辟我国水资源的4种途径,分析了我国水资源用量和无霜期中气温、日照和降水量等诸农业气候的关系。     

土壤重金属环境质量评价基准体系探讨

在概述国内土壤环境质量标准存在的问题的基础上,分析了国外土壤环境质量标准/指导值发展趋势,提出了我国土壤环境质量的三级标准体系,即:背景值标准、筛选值标准、有效态污染临界值标准,并据三级标准体系和各重金属的单项污染指数,把土壤环境质量分为七个等级:清洁、轻度玷污、中度玷污、重度玷污、轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染,用七种警示色来表示不同的污染程度,为我国土壤环境质量标准的修订提供借鉴.     

次临界膜通量下膜污染研究

针对膜生物反应器运行中膜污染问题,利用"逐级通量法"测定了膜组件的临界通量,并考察了次临界通量下膜污染的运行特性.试验发现,膜污染发展分为缓慢发展阶段和快速发展两个阶段.采用清水冲洗加次氯酸钠和盐酸溶液浸泡的方法能有效减少膜过滤阻力,去除率达到94 %.同时,阻力构成分析表明泥饼和凝胶层是膜污染的主要组成部分,分别占到总阻力的57%和31%,而新膜清水阻力仅占3.86%.     

Resolving Critical Habitat Designation Failures: Reconciling Law, Policy, and Biology

Abstract:  The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires designation of critical habitat concurrent with species listing. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service often has not designated critical habitat, based on the legal exceptions in the ESA of "not prudent" or "not determinable." This lack of habitat designation has led to numerous lawsuits and court orders to designate critical habitat for listed species. Court-mediated implementation of critical habitat is costly and delays listing for at-risk species. Legal, policy, judicial, and biological issues all contribute to the current inability of the law as enforced to lead to timely and cost-effective critical habitat designation. Although increased appropriations and delaying critical habitat designation until recovery planning have been proposed as solutions, we find that it will be essential to change the critical-habitat guidelines to a decision-analysis framework to make critical habitat scientifically and legally workable as a conservation tool.     

Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算模型

临界风速是Y型合流分岔隧道能否有效抑制烟气侵入分岔支路的重要参数。为确定Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算公式,对影响Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速的相关因素进行量纲分析,推导出临界风速与火源热释放率、主分隧道高度比、连拱长度及隧道分岔夹角这4个因素的无量纲函数关系式。通过数值模拟得到临界风速最大的火源位置,并对上述4个影响因素进行了量化分析。结果表明:火源距分岔段隧道洞口15～25 m时临界风速最大;当无量纲火源热释放速率小于0. 3时,隧道临界风速与火源热释放率呈现1/3次方关系,当无量纲火源热释放速率大于0. 3时,隧道临界风速不再随火源热释放速率增加而增加;临界风速与分岔隧道高度比近似成-3/10次方关系,与分岔夹角成-3/40次方关系,而与连拱长度无关。进而得到分岔隧道临界风速的无量纲计算模型,且与数值模拟结果吻合良好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTRIBUTING CAUSES OF AN ABNORMAL FREQUENCY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING RAINSTORMS AT CHICAGO1

ABSTRACT: Major hydrometeorological factors pertinent to defining and understanding the hydrologic characteristics of urban and other small-basin storms were investigated using data from a continuous 44-year operation of a recording raingage network in Chicago. Factors included: the frequency distribution of basin mean rainfall and its relation to storm maximum precipitation; the spatial distribution characteristics of each storm, including storm rainfall reduction factors which are widely used in hydrologic design problems; and weather-related causes related to the frequency and intensity of severe rainstorms in the Chicago area in recent years. Results have indicated that urban mean rainfall frequencies were overestimated in earlier studies in which they were derived from point/areal mean rainfall ratios obtained from much shorter records on rural networks. Reduction factors were found to vary between urban and rural storm systems due to urban-related effects. Two factors were found to be potential contributors to the characteristics of severe rainstorm occurrences at Chicago. These include urban-induced rain enhancement and an upward climatic trend in the occurrence of heavy rainfall events during the sampling period. Study results should be generally applicable to other large urban areas in the Midwest and other regions of similar precipitation climate.