FLOOD PLAIN MODELING1

Computer simulation of river basin hydrology has rapidly progressed from an interesting academic exercise to a practical engineering procedure of increasing utility. Mathematical models of the many interrelated processes which occur in a basin have been developed along with efficient numerical procedures for their solution. The present paper is concerned with a particular model which has been used to describe the transformation of a temporally and spatially varying rainfall into a time history of stage and discharge on a flood plain. Although developed principally as a model of the physical processes involved, it is envisioned that the model can serve as one component of an information system for flood plain planning and management. The model consists of the following elements: (i) a rainfall simulation which generates stochastic inputs to the model according to specified rainfall statistics, (ii) a catchment-runoff model which converts the rainfall to surface runoff, (iii) a flood stage model which converts the surface runoff to time histories of flood stage and discharge. The model has been used to investigate the effect of various structural flood control measures in a basin and, in particular, to establish frequency-stage information for each of these. Of particular interest in development of the model have been recurring and partially unanswered questions relative to the proper balance among availability of data for use in the model, data requirements of the model and the objectives of the outputs produced by the model.     

DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN STORM HYETOGRAPHS FOR CINCINNATI,OHIO1

ABSTRACT A synthetic storm rainfall hyetograph for a one-year design frequency is derived from the one-year intensity-duration curve developed for Cincinnati, Ohio. Detailed rainfall data for a three-year period were collected from three raingages triangulating the Bloody Run Sewer Watershed, an urban drainage areas of 2380 acres'in Cincinnati, Ohio. The advancement of the synthetic storm pattern is obtained from an analysis of the antecedent precipitation immediately preceding the maximum period of three selected durations. Rains which produced excessive runoff at least for some duration were considered only. The same approach can be used for other design frequencies. The purpose of this study is to provide synthetic storm hyetographs to be used as input in deterministic mathematical models simulating urban storm water runoff for the design, analysis and possible surcharge prediction of sewer systems.     

Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算模型

临界风速是Y型合流分岔隧道能否有效抑制烟气侵入分岔支路的重要参数。为确定Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速计算公式,对影响Y型合流分岔隧道临界风速的相关因素进行量纲分析,推导出临界风速与火源热释放率、主分隧道高度比、连拱长度及隧道分岔夹角这4个因素的无量纲函数关系式。通过数值模拟得到临界风速最大的火源位置,并对上述4个影响因素进行了量化分析。结果表明:火源距分岔段隧道洞口15～25 m时临界风速最大;当无量纲火源热释放速率小于0. 3时,隧道临界风速与火源热释放率呈现1/3次方关系,当无量纲火源热释放速率大于0. 3时,隧道临界风速不再随火源热释放速率增加而增加;临界风速与分岔隧道高度比近似成-3/10次方关系,与分岔夹角成-3/40次方关系,而与连拱长度无关。进而得到分岔隧道临界风速的无量纲计算模型,且与数值模拟结果吻合良好。     

地震和降雨作用的矿山排土场稳定性分析

为了研究不同工况对矿山排土场边坡稳定性的影响,在调查分析排土场工程地质特征、散体和地基土物理力学性质、结构特征和稳定性影响因素的基础上,运用极限平衡法对排土场在正常运行、地震、连续降雨3种工况下的稳定性进行了分析。研究表明:3种工况下排土场均处于稳定状态,但在地震条件下排土场边坡稳定安全系数储备较低,可能发生浅层滑坡,对坡脚下部的高压线铁塔和铁路线构成威胁,提出了修筑防滚石挡墙,做好排土场安全监测、排水、日常安全管理工作等对策措施。     

基于污染物临界粘附力的超滤动态过程的CFD模拟

针对膜污染的动态变化问题,通过计算流体力学(CFD)手段建立了中空纤维膜的二维轴对称模型,综合考虑了污染物间粘附力及水流剪切力的影响,提出有效剪切应力的概念,在模型中耦合了变形几何、自由多孔介质流动及稀物质传递3种物理场,将污染物法向积累、切向有效剪切与污染物界面处的网格速度相关联,建立了膜面污染物截留的动态模型.依据死端过滤与错流过滤的实验数据,确定出模型的匹配参数.在此基础上,研究了不同进给方式(连续流与脉冲流)对膜面污染物的影响.模拟结果表明,当水流剪切力足以克服污染物的临界粘附力时,可对膜面污染物起冲刷作用;与连续流相比,脉冲流具有更高的有效剪切速率,在对膜面污染物的冲刷作用方面更具优势.     

亚热带典型小流域总氮最大日负荷(TMDL)及影响因子研究——以金井河流域为例

本研究以亚热带红壤丘陵区为研究区域,选取10个典型小流域,根据土地利用和畜禽养殖密度分为4种类型(森林、森林-种植、养殖和种植-养殖小流域),并基于近3年小流域把口站的原位观测数据,采用负荷历时曲线模型(LDC)计算了不同类型小流域水体总氮(TN)的最大日负荷(TMDL),运用灰度分析法定量研究了不同流量阶段小流域主要因子对TN负荷消减率的影响.结果表明,小流域TN负荷特征与流域类型密切相关,10个小流域TN年均负荷为739.0~2798.4 kg·km-2·a-1,由小到大依次为森林、森林-种植、养殖、种植-养殖小流域,其中,养殖、种植-养殖小流域水质整体超标严重,且应针对中、低流量条件下(秋、冬季节)负荷进行消减,而森林-种植小流域TN负荷超标情况略好,但高流量阶段(春、夏)超标率过高.灰度分析结果表明,TN负荷消减率在高、中流量阶段下主要受农田面积比例影响,而低流量阶段受畜禽密度影响.农田面积比例对高、中流量段TN消减率影响显著,而畜禽养殖密度在低流量段具有更大影响,小流域景观越破碎、类型越丰富、斑块分布越零散、形状越复杂,TN负荷通量则越大.     

基于模糊层次分析法的海绵城市措施研究

以低影响开发的理念为主导,提倡雨水的源头及分散控制,恢复用地开发前的水文状态.合理地选择海绵城市措施是海绵城市建设的重要内容.海绵城市建设通过加强城市规划建设管理,发挥建筑、道路、绿地和水系等对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓释作用,有效控制雨水径流,实现雨水自然积存、渗透、净化.针对海绵城市决策方案优选问题,根据实例情况建立海绵城市措施决策指标体系.应用模糊层次分析法对该指标体系进行评价,引入Delphi法将定性指标及权重值进行量化,计算各方案的评分,从而得到决策结果.结果表明,该方法计算方便,操作性强,为决策提供了可靠的依据.     

黄土高原关键带土壤水分空间分异特征

地球关键带是人类生存和发展的关键区域。关键带发生的一系列物理、化学和生物过程与人类活动密切相关。土壤水分是黄土高原关键带的关键要素,同时又是黄土高原植被恢复与生态环境重建的决定因子。为揭示黄土高原关键带土壤水分的空间分异特征,采用网格(50m×50m)布点,雨季结束后采集0~500cm深度土壤样品,结合室内分析,结果表明:黄土高原小流域中73个样点0~500cm的土壤含水量分布范围介于1%~23%之间,降水对0~100cm土层的土壤水分补充明显;土壤水分在水平和垂直方向都表现出明显的空间异质性,在不同方向上的水分控制过程有所不同,是对土地利用方式、植被类型、地形要素、土壤质地等多因素综合响应的结果。充分理解关键带土壤水分空间的分异规律及其主控因素有助于该区小流域综合治理中的植被建造与布局,也有助于对该区土壤水文和生物地球化学过程的理解。     

非饱和红壤土降雨入渗室内模拟试验

以江西省域范围内典型红壤土为研究对象,利用自行研制开发的降雨模拟试验设备与渗透试验装置,设计了大雨工况下土体初始含水率、干密度、降雨累积时间及降雨后土体静置时间等对其渗透性影响的室内试验。试验结果显示,土体渗透性随初始含水率的升高逐渐降低,给出的宏观渗透系数公式定量化描述了不同初始含水率的可渗透性强弱程度;在初始含水率相对固定的情况下,土体渗透性随干密度的增大逐渐减小,且干密度增大到一定程度后其渗透性锐减,各水平之间的差异性不再明显;累积降雨时间会显著影响深部土体的渗透性,降雨历时越长,深部土体的含水率越高;雨水的在降雨过程停止后继续沿土体纵深入渗,致使表层含水率降低,深部含水率提高,含水率特征曲线趋向竖直。     

A critical discussion of research on the social acceptance of renewable energy generation and associated infrastructures and an agenda for the future

Social sciences’ research on the social acceptance of renewable energy generation and associated technologies (RET), such as high voltage power lines, has been growing in the last decades. In fact, while RET are considered one of the main mitigation measures of climate change, opposition to their construction, and namely from the local communities living nearby, is often found. Important conceptual proposals have been made for a better understanding of opposition, however, this literature still presents some limitations. Here, I will discuss two of them: first, the main focus on the local and, with it, the lack of a relational and critical approach, which recognizes opposition and other types of responses to RET as public participation in RET-related issues; second, the focus on the individual and the consequent lack of examining people’s material practices and engagements.