THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE,ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND EXPOSURE DURATION OF POWER PLANT EFFLUENTS ON LARVAL WHITE PERCH Morone americana (Gmelin)1

ABSTRACT: Chlorine-temperature interaction studies with various exposure times were conducted on 25–day old larval white perch, Morone Americana, using total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations of 0.0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/1 TRC in combination with ΔTs of 2, 6, and 10 C above a base temperature of 18 C. Larval fish were exposed to the chlorine-temperature test conditions for exposure periods of 0.08, 2.0 and 4.0 hours. After each respective exposure period, chlorine concentrations were decayed naturally over a 1.0 to 1.5 hour period to < 0.01 mg/1 TRC; temperatures were decayed over a 4 hour period to 2.0 C above the base temperature. These test conditions were used to simulate chlorine and temperature conditions encountered in power plant discharge canals and near field receiving streams. The interactions of chlorine, ΔT and exposure duration as factors which caused death up to 36 hours after the exposure periods were established by regression model techniques. An initial interaction model showed that ΔT was not a factor which contributed to death. A predictive model for chlorine and exposure duration was constructed which showed that potential impact to larval white perch from chlorine at power facilities with once through cooling systems can be minimized by 1) using short duration exposures (< 1 hour) to chlorine in plants that chlorinate intermittently or 2) by rapid mixing in the receiving stream in plants that chlorinate on a low level (< 0.05 mg/1) continuous basis. Similar considerations should be given to cooling tower blowdown which contain chlorinated water.     

RUNOFF POLLUTION FROM MULTIPLE FAMILY HOUSING1

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, residential development in urbanizing areas is accomplished by large housing projects, composed of clusters of townhouses or garden partments. It is hypothesized that the runoff from such developments should carry more pollution than that from the same number of housing units on separate plots, because the runoff is conveyed directly to drainage channels rather than being drained across lawns and gardens, which may absorb part of the pollutants. In order to evaluate this effect, storm event data were obtained from a planned unit development near Hightstown, N. J., using samples taken every 10 minutes throughout the storm at two different storm sewers. Results show heavy metals pollution about what had been anticipated, in accordance with the hypothesis given above, and BOD ammonia and phosphates higher than predicted. The results are significant for areawide water quality planning in metropolitan areas, where projections of future pollution loadings depends upon the land use.     

EXPERIMENTAL MARVIN WINDSHIELD EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN LEADVILLE,COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the Leadville, Colorado, precipitation records that include a reported record-breaking storm (and flood) at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains has indicated that the use of an experimental Marvin windshield (designed to decrease the effects of wind on precipitation-gage catchment of snow during winter) resulted in substantially overregistered summer precipitation for 1919 to 1938. The July monthly precipitation for these years was over-registered by an average of 157 percent of the long-term July monthly precipitation at Leadville. The cause of the overregistration of precipitation was the almost 4-foot-top-diameter cone-shaped windshield that had the effect of “funneling” hail and rain splash into the rain gage. Other nearby precipitation gages, which did not use this Marvin windshield, did not have this trend of increased precipitation for the same period. Streamflow records from the Leadville area also do not indicate an increase in streamfiow from 1919 to 1938. The storm of July 27, 1937, considered one of the few, large, intense rainstorms at higher elevations, had a recorded precipitation of total 4.34 inches (4.26 inches in 1 hour). Streamflow-gaging-station records indicate that only 0.09 inch of storm runoff occurred. Paleoflood investigations of channels in the Leadville area and old newspaper accounts also indicate no substantial flood from this storm. This study indicates that the 1937 storm probably totaled about 1.7 inches of precipitation, much of which occurred as hail.     

Impact of Grazing Intensity during Drought in an Arizona Grassland

Abstract:  The ecological benefits of changing cattle grazing practices in the western United States remain controversial, due in part to a lack of experimentation. In 1997 we initiated an experimental study of two rangeland alternatives, cattle removal and high-impact grazing, and compared grassland community responses with those with more conventional, moderate grazing practices. The study was conducted in a high-elevation, semiarid grassland near Flagstaff, Arizona (U.S.A.). We conducted annual plant surveys of modified Whittaker plots for 8 years and examined plant composition shifts among treatments and years. High-impact grazing had strong directional effects that led to a decline in perennial forb cover and an increase in annual plants, particularly the exotic cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.). A twofold increase in plant cover by exotic species followed a severe drought in the sixth year of the study, and this increase was greatest in the high-impact grazing plots, where native cover declined by one-half. Cattle removal resulted in little increase in native plant cover and reduced plant species richness relative to the moderate grazing control. Our results suggest that some intermediate level of cattle grazing may maintain greater levels of native plant diversity than the alternatives of cattle removal or high-density, short-duration grazing practices. Furthermore, episodic drought interacts with cattle grazing, leading to infrequent, but biologically important shifts in plant communities. Our results demonstrate the importance of climatic variation in determining ecological effects of grazing practices, and we recommend improving conservation efforts in arid rangelands by developing management plans that anticipate this variation.     

黄土丘陵区降雨、径流、土壤水分的时空分布与利用对策

基于黄土丘陵区的延安燕沟多年监测资料，通过对燕沟流域的降雨、径流、及其不同土地利用方式下土壤水分等时空分布特征分析，明确了黄土丘陵区降雨的时间、空间分布具有显著差异性。降雨量在6～9月相对集中，年际、月际变异大；同时次降雨量、月降雨量均存在显著空间异质性，如降雨量沿燕沟沟道变化及坡向分异。径流特征是降雨及其下垫面特征的综合反映，3月左右由于气温上升，河道解冻，径流量出现小高峰，雨季后2个月出现最大高峰水量。对径流的利用则由于供水／需水时间错位，利用主要集中在枯水季节（4-6月），土壤水资源由于地形、降雨、植被覆盖等的差异性，特别是植被差异性利用，则存在时空异质性。土壤水分在雨季后1-2月在0～150cm形成高值期，150cm以下的土壤恢复缓慢。植被差异利用形成了土壤水分剖面不同：梯田〉草地〉拧条林〉拧条＋五角枫林〉沙棘林〉刺槐林。根据对水资源系统分析，提出了流域水资源开发利用的对策：农作物适雨种植制度；植被空间合理布局；降雨、土壤水、径流三水联合御旱，提高水资源利用效率。     

Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.     

典型植物化感物质对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果评价

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从抑制率,有效剂量,起效时间,抑制时效和使用成本等方面评价了酚酸类,生物碱类,脂肪酸和酯类共13种化感物质的抑藻效应.结果表明,生物碱类物质对微藻生长的抑制效果最强,其抑制率（>80%）高达酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质的4~52倍,其抑藻时效也显著长于酚酸类,脂肪酸和酯类化感物质.生物碱类物质中,血根碱具有最大饱和抑制率（>90%）,但其单位剂量的抑藻率[11%/（mg/L）]仅为白屈菜红碱,芦竹碱和小檗碱的16%,49%和63%;白屈菜红碱对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最为灵敏高效,抑制铜绿微囊藻所需的最低剂量为0.2mg/L,最短时间为0.4d,且在2mg/L条件下便能维持7d以上的抑制时效.4种生物碱中,血根碱与白屈菜红碱的使用成本较高,超过芦竹碱和小檗碱的800倍.综合各项抑藻特性,植物化感物质的抑藻能力顺序前四为白屈菜红碱 > 小檗碱 > 血根碱 > 芦竹碱;抑藻成本顺序前四为：壬酸 < 芦竹碱 < 小檗碱 < PHBA.     

考虑随机降雨预测的区域水期权交易动态定价机制研究——以广东省为例

水期权交易旨在解决水资源时空分布不均的问题,伴随着全球气候的变化,降雨量已成为影响水资源时空分布不均的重要因素。本文运用马尔科夫链进行降雨状态的划分和预测,在降雨量预测的基础上进行水期权交易相关费用的确定;将降雨量指标的预测结果融入到水期权最终交易价格的确定中,运用改进的Black-Scholes期权定价模型结合降雨量预测结果,确定水期权交易的权利金;最后运用扩展性线性支出模型进行计算结果的合理性检验,证明模型所确定的交易价格的合理性。本文以广东省为例进行案例分析,验证了将降雨量指标融入到水期权交易中的必要性,以及模型所确定的水期权交易相关费用的合理性,证明了波动水价相对于阶梯水价的优越性。考虑降雨量的水期权交易充分体现了水市场的供需关系,提高了我国水期权交易定价的科学性。     

我国东南典型侵蚀区坡地磷素流失机制模拟研究

为了研究侵蚀区坡地坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县花岗岩风化母质上发育的红壤为研究对象进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,坡面径流和壤中流中的总磷流失浓度、总磷流失量均随着降雨强度的增大而增大,随着降雨强度的增大产流初期坡面冲刷效应显现;坡面径流总磷流失量所占每场降雨总磷流失量百分比分布在51%~92%;坡面径流总磷流失浓度在整个过程中波动幅度很大;坡面径流中总磷流失浓度在坡度25°下最高,壤中流中的总磷流失浓度在坡度8°下最高;坡度8°下坡面TP流失量最大,坡面总磷流失量受坡面径流量和雨强影响极显著(p0.01);壤中流总磷流失量较小,受雨强影响极显著(p0.01);磷素流失以坡面径流流失为主,壤中流流失为辅,磷素主要以颗粒态通过坡面径流流失,以溶解态通过壤中流流失.     

人工模拟降雨条件下黄土坡面水-沙-氮磷流失特征

黄土坡沟水沙及养分流失严重,不仅造成土地生产力下降,对水环境也存在潜在威胁.为探索黄绵土坡面水沙氮磷流失相关关系,采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强（45、60、75、90、105、120 mm/h）、不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）下黄土裸地水沙氮磷的流失规律.结果表明:①产流量可用坡度的二次多项式表达,确定系数（R2）达0.83以上,产沙量随雨强变化规律不明显,但随坡度增加呈显著增加趋势.②各雨强下,25°与5°坡面的ρ（TN）比值范围为1.63~5.42,波动较大,而ρ（TP）随坡度的增加基本呈增加趋势,但整体数值低于ρ（TN）.③各雨强下ρ（吸附态氮）随降雨历时的延长呈剧烈起伏变化;大雨强（105和120 mm/h）下ρ（吸附态磷）随降雨历时的延长逐渐减少至稳定值,其他雨强下ρ（吸附态磷）随降雨历时的延长呈现波动增加.各雨强与坡度下,ρ（吸附态氮）与ρ（吸附态磷）分别占ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）的60.66%、96.62%,是黄土裸坡氮磷的主要流失形式.④随水沙流失的氮磷中,TN占主要部分,其流失量是TP流失量的1.43~22.46倍,径流量增加时TN流失量显著增加,而产沙量增加时TP流失量显著增加.研究显示,雨强和坡度变化对水沙氮磷流失影响各异,吸附态氮磷是黄土养分流失的主要途径,可为黄土坡耕地水土流失治理提供科学依据.