Probability mass first flush evaluation for combined sewer discharges

The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush (MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn.     

校园雨水资源化利用的效益分析及利用措施

学校人口密集,用水量大,缺水问题严重,利用雨水资源显得非常重要。在提出校园雨水资源化利用概念的基础上,对某一校园雨水资源化利用的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益做了分析。结果显示,校园雨水资源化利用效益显著,对实现区域水资源可持续利用起着非常重要的作用。同时,对中国校园雨水利用的有利条件以及利用的可行性做了分析研究,并基于此,提出了校园雨水资源化利用的途径和措施。旨在为校园雨水资源化利用的推广提供理论基础。     

一次强沙尘过程对江苏省空气质量的影响研究

2021年3月15—17日,江苏省自北向南经历了一次严重沙尘污染过程,在此期间对连云港和苏州2市的PM_(10)和PM_( 2.5)质量浓度,以及退偏振比参数进行连续观测,结合后向轨迹(HYSPLIT)模型对沙尘气团来向进行分析。结果表明,本次沙尘过程起源于蒙古国南部,起沙之后自西北至东南传输,约24 h后开始影响江苏省。受其影响,江苏省3月16日4市达重度污染,沙尘对苏北和苏南城市影响差异较大,连云港市PM_(10)质量浓度短时高达978μg/m^( 3),近地面至高空2 km退偏振比值达0.3左右,沙尘特征较明显;苏州市受沙尘影响时间较连云港滞后约14 h,PM_(10)质量浓度峰值仅为155μg/m ^(3),以浮尘天气为主。     

用SOS/umu试验评价降雨径流遗传毒性的变化

通过SOS/umu试验分析检测屋面和道路在2017年5、6月2场降雨过程中的遗传毒性变化。结果表明,从降雨初期到结束,在5月份屋面产生降雨径流2 h内和道路产生径流20 min内雨水样品的检测结果均呈阳性,诱导率IR均大于2,表现出DNA损伤效应;在6月份屋面产生降雨径流60 min内和道路产生径流10~60 min内雨水样品的结果均呈阳性,表现出遗传毒性。2场降雨中屋面和道路雨水样品的TEQ4-NQO均随降雨时间先增加后逐渐减小,5月份屋面雨水样品的毒性大于路面雨水样品的毒性,6月份则相反。遗传毒性分析降雨径流中污染物毒性的变化为雨水的安全利用提供理论基础。     

1960—2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究

基于松花江流域及其邻近61个气象站1960—2014年逐日降雨数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验、小波周期分析和地统计插值方法,分析流域内不同地形区和子流域年降雨侵蚀力时空分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）松花江流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力为1 717.6 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·a^-1,呈波动变化趋势,存在以15.2 a为主周期和4.7 a为小周期的周期性变化特征,且在1982和1998年发生显著突变;2）松花江流域降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征与降雨量分布特征基本一致,自东南向西北递减,与东南季风的影响区域相吻合;流域年降雨侵蚀力变化趋势呈现明显的区域分异,在流域西北地区年降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,而在中部平原区的东北部和西南部呈现下降趋势;3）年降雨侵蚀力随地形的变化表现为东部丘陵山地区>中部平原区>西部山地区。在东部丘陵山地区年降雨侵蚀力与经度、纬度显著相关（P<0.01）,而在中部平原区和西部山地区降雨侵蚀力与海拔、经度和纬度关系不甚明显;4）流域内各子流域年降雨侵蚀力存在明显分异,年降雨侵蚀力在各子流域的变化趋势表现为从第二松花江流域到流域中游再到嫩江流域呈依次降低趋势,其分布特征与降雨量的分布一致,各子流域年降雨侵蚀力均呈不显著的降低趋势。     

基于RUE的不同草地类生态评价研究——以河西走廊为例

选择降水利用效率（RUE）作为评价指标,对河西走廊代表性草地类--温性荒漠、高寒草甸、温性草原进行生态评价研究。通过植被指数提取、降水Co-Kriging插值、图层叠加,得到河西走廊区域2006-2010年的RUE(NDVI)、RUE(PVI)、RUE(TSAVI)数据,并与地上生物量进行相关分析,筛选出适合不同草地类的RUE作为该区域生态评价的指标。结果表明：1）温性荒漠区RUE(PVI)与草地生物量风干重正相关性最高（R²=0.879）,高寒草甸区RUE(NDVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.876）,温性草原区RUE(TSAVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.895）。2）温性荒漠区、温性草原区生态均处于退化过程,高寒草甸区处于恢复过程。研究认为选择合适的RUE值可作为不同草地类生态评价指标,并具有理论的可行性和实践的可靠性。     

巢湖湖滨带生态恢复工程对暴雨径流氮磷削减效果研究

从湖滨带区域环境条件及氮磷输出强度差异出发,探讨湖滨带生态恢复工程对暴雨径流氮磷削减的特征及效果,选取巢湖西北岸湖滨带生态恢复区与原生灌草区内4个典型断面开展暴雨径流氮磷削减的对比试验,研究暴雨期及暴雨间期4个断面氮磷削减效果的差异及原因。结果表明:暴雨期,断面2和断面3对暴雨径流中氮磷去除效果明显,断面2对暴雨径流中氮、磷去除率分别为69%和60%,断面3对暴雨径流中氮、磷去除率分别为60%和58%;暴雨间期,断面2 区域内水体氮磷浓度平均下降67%和63%,断面3则为59%和51%;生态恢复工程去除暴雨径流中氮、磷的效果,与暴雨径流中氮、磷浓度呈显著正相关;断面2对暴雨径流氮磷削减效果最佳。     

基于土壤侵蚀模型的滑波临界雨量估算探讨

针对滑坡临界雨量确定目前存在的问题,提出一种基于土壤侵蚀模型的滑坡临界雨量估算的新方法。该方法基本思路是：降雨引起土壤侵蚀,当土壤侵蚀达到一定强度时可诱发滑坡,因此利用土壤侵蚀模型可以推算滑坡临界雨量。以湖北省秭归县为例进行试验,从降雨-土壤侵蚀-滑坡的成灾机理入手,利用卫星资料、地理信息资料及降雨资料,计算降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形（坡长、坡度）、植被覆盖和土地利用类型等因子,基于USLE土壤侵蚀模型,计算滑坡发生时土壤侵蚀强度,通过分析多个滑坡个例,确定滑坡临界土壤侵蚀强度,再根据降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的关系,推算不同预警点滑坡临界雨量。相比以往仅仅分析灾情与降雨之间关系的传统方法,该方法有较为清晰的物理意义,实际业务中也易于实现,在滑坡预警预报中有较高实用价值     

基于小波分析的嫩江、哈尔滨夏季降雨规律研究

基于48 a来的夏季降雨资料,选用Morlet小波分析方法对嫩江、哈尔滨夏季降雨序列的多时间尺度进行研究.结果表明:哈尔滨近年来夏季降雨在29～38 a尺度周期变化最明显,模值最大,能量最强;嫩江夏季降雨在19～30 a周期变化较强,能量值较大;2个周期变化都具有随时间推移能量进一步加大的趋势.当前嫩江、哈尔滨夏季降雨均处于枯水大周期内,在未来较长时间里,夏季降雨量将低于多年平均降雨量.     

Water budget and the consequent duration of canopy carbon gain in a teak plantation in a dry tropical region: Analysis using a soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model

A soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model was used to numerically simulate canopy net assimilation (A_n), evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture in a deciduous teak plantation in a dry tropical climate of northern Thailand to examine the influence of soil drought on A_n. The timings of leaf flush and the end of the canopy duration period (CDP) were also investigated from the perspective of the temporal positive carbon gain. Two numerical experiments with different seasonal patterns of leaf area index (LAI) were carried out using above-canopy hydrometeorological data as input data. The first experiment involved seasonally varying LAI estimated based on time-series of radiative transmittance through the canopy, and the second experiment applied an annually constant LAI. The first simulation captured the measured seasonal changes in soil surface moisture; the simulated transpiration agreed with seasonal changes in heat pulse velocity, corresponding to the water use of individual trees, and the simulated A_n became slightly negative. However, in the second simulation, A_n became negative in the dry season because the decline in stomatal conductance due to severe soil drought limited the assimilation, and the simultaneous increase in leaf temperature increased dark respiration. Thus, these experiments revealed that the leaflessness in the dry season is reasonable for carbon gain and emphasized the unfavorable soil water status for carbon gain in the dry season. Examining the duration of positive A_n (DPA) in the second simulation showed that the start of the longest DPA (LDPA) in a year approached the timing of leaf flush in the teak plantation after the spring equinox. On the other hand, the end appeared earlier than that of all CDPs. This result is consistent with the sap flow stopping earlier than the complete leaf fall, implying that the carbon assimilation period ends before the completion of defoliation. The model sensitivity analysis in the second simulation suggests that a smaller LAI and slower maximum rate of carboxylation likely extend the LDPA because soil water from the surface to rooting depth is maintained longer at levels adequate for carbon gain by decreased canopy transpiration. The experiments also suggest that lower soil hydraulic conductivity and deeper rooting depth can postpone the end of the LDPA by increasing soil water retention and the soil water capacity, respectively.