The effect of land clearing on rainfall and fresh water resources in Western Australia: a multi-functional sustainability analysis

It is widely recognised that southwest Western Australia has experienced a decline in rainfall over the last 40 years. It is generally thought that this decline is due to natural periodic variations and changes induced by global warming, but recently evidence has emerged suggesting that a substantial part of the decline may be due to extensive logging close to the coast to make way for housing developments and the clearing of native vegetation for wheat planting on the higher ground. We compare coastal and inland rainfall to show empirically that 55% to 62% of the observed rainfall decline is the result of land clearing alone. Using the index of sustainable functionality, we show that the economic consequences associated with this change of land use on fresh water resource availability have been underestimated to date and disproportionately affect the environment and poorest members of the population.     

系统安全风险描述研究

从安全风险研究角度系统描述部件状态、部件状态向量、系统状态、风险和风险矩阵、风险分类、系统状态风险、风险状态集、风险状态概率、风险转移概率、临界状态、关键部件和风险重要度,对系统安全风险有了更加全面深刻而准确的呈现,得到基于部件状态向量的系统安全风险描述,给出系统处于低中高风险的概率、风险转移临界集和安全风险重要度的计算方法。     

列车运行控制系统安全保障与认证方法研究

为了保证轨道交通系统的运行安全性,系统必须在其投入运行之前进行安全认证,只有取得相应的安全授权才能投入运行。结合CENELEC国际标准和我国应用实践,提出以安全验证和确认为基础的安全保障与认证方法,将安全验证和确认的方法贯穿于系统研制开发生命周期内的每一个阶段,监控系统研制开发的每一个活动,评审系统研制开发的每一个文档,保证相关文档之间的追溯性,针对系统的所有需求进行完备性和充分性测试,才能够确保列车运行控制系统能安全、可靠地投入使用。列车运行控制系统是轨道交通系统的重要组成部分,关系其运行安全和效率2,010年底采用安全验证和确认的方法成功地将LCF-300型列车运行控制系统应用于北京轨道交通亦庄线和昌平线,并顺利通过英国劳氏公司的第三方安全认证。     

加筋土边坡临界滑动场

在分析加筋土边坡稳定性时,将加筋材料的作用视为施加于滑面上的等效力,建立了满足力平衡的加筋土边坡安全系数的计算格式;将边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法进行推广,提出了基于力平衡的加筋土边坡临界滑动场计算方法,可以得到形状任意的临界滑动面及边坡最小安全系数。通过算例,比较加筋前后临界滑动面和安全系数的变化,并探讨了加筋水平间距、强度、长度对加筋土边坡稳定性的影响。     

突发事故危害期估算模式研究

针对大气环境突发事故造成的危害,在高斯扩散模式基础上,引入危害半径变化与时间及危害期变化与横风向距离呈线性关系的假设,得出危险源附近各处受危险源突发事故危害的危害时间长短（危害期）一系列定量估算公式,使用方便,结果精确,为环境风险评价提供了有效的工具,可广泛应用于环境风险评价与管理、风险工程设计、风险责任保险等各个领域与事故应急计划制定、事故抢险工作实施.     

不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

A Water Quality Monitoring Network Design Methodology for the Selection of Critical Sampling Points: Part I

The principal instrument to temporally and spatially manage water resources is a water quality monitoring network. However, to date in most cases, there is a clear absence of a concise strategy or methodology for designing monitoring networks, especially when deciding upon the placement of sampling stations. Since water quality monitoring networks can be quite costly, it is very important to properly design the monitoring network so that maximum information extraction can be accomplished, which in turn is vital when informing decision-makers. This paper presents the development of a methodology for identifying the critical sampling locations within a watershed. Hence, it embodies the spatial component in the design of a water quality monitoring network by designating the critical stream locations that should ideally be sampled. For illustration purposes, the methodology focuses on a single contaminant, namely total phosphorus, and is applicable to small, upland, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. It takes a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors into account. In addition, it includes an economic as well as logistical component in order to approximate the number of sampling points required for a given budget and to only consider the logistically accessible stream reaches in the analysis, respectively. The methodology utilizes a geographic information system (GIS), hydrologic simulation model, and fuzzy logic.     

制氢装置重大危险源辨识

简要介绍了我国现行重大危险源辨识标准,并结合制氢装置实际对企业前期开展的重大危险源普查结论进行分析,提出辨识结论及监控建议.     

MODELING URBAN NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION WITH A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A geographic information system (GIS) was a useful aid in the assessment of urban nonpoint source pollution and the development of a pollution control strategy. The GIS was used for data integration and display, and to provide data for a nonpoint source model. An empirical nonpoint source loading model driven by land use was used to estimate pollutant loadings of priority pollutants. Pollutant loadings were estimated at fine spatial resolution and aggregated to storm sewer drainage basins (sewersheds). Eleven sewersheds were generated from digital versions of sewer maps. The pollutant loadings of individual land use polygons, derived as the units of analysis from street blocks, were aggregated to get total pollutant loadings within each sewershed. Based on the model output, a critical sewershed was located. Pollutant loadings at major sewer junctions within the critical sewershed were estimated to develop a mitigation strategy. Two approaches based on the installation of wet ponds were investigated - a regional approach using one large wet pond at the major sewer outfall and a multisite approach using a number of smaller sites for each major sewer junction. Cost analyses showed that the regional approach would be more cost effective, though it would provide less pollution control.     

区域污水分散或集中处理的一种判据

讨论污水处理区域规划方法学问题。在规划区域内,根据污水输送费用的下界和区域集中处理综合费用效益的上界之间打互关系推导出的临界距离,可以解决污水处理区域规划中遇到的处理厂厂址选择问题,使用该方法能够大大地减少候选处理厂厂址的数目,提高规划的科学性、经济性、实用性及可靠性。在本文的最后,运用实例进行了考证。