Genetic population structure and sociogenetic organisation in Formica truncorum (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)

Summary The genetic population structure and the sociogenetic organization of the red wood ant Formica truncorum were compared in two populations with monogynous colonies and two populations with polygynous colonies. The genetic population structure was analysed by measuring allele frequency differences among local subsets of the main study populations. The analysis of sociogenetic organisation included estimates of nestmate queen and nestmate worker relatedness, effective number of queens, effective number of matings per queen, relatedness among male mates of nestmate queens and relatedness between queens and their male mates. The monogynous populations showed no differentiation between subpopulations, whereas there were significant allele frequency differences among the subpopulations in the polygynous population. Workers, queens and males showed the same genetical population structure. The relatedness among nestmate workers and among nestmate queens was identical in the polygynous societies. In three of the four populations there was a significant heterozygote excess among queens. The queens were related to their male mates in the polygynous population analysed, but not in the monogynous ones. The data suggest limited dispersal and partial intranidal mating in the populations with polygynous colonies and outbreeding in the populations having monogynous colonies. Polyandry was common in both population types; about 50% of the females had mated at least twice. The males contributed unequally to the progeny, one male fathering on average 75% of the offspring with double mating and 45–80% with three or more matings. Correspondence to: L. Sundström     

生活垃圾填埋场不同填埋方式填埋气特性研究

对于国内外在传统的厌氧填埋和新型的准好氧填埋两种不同运行方式下对填埋气的特性研究作了简介。通过比较分析，传统的厌氧填埋结构中填埋气的甲烷含量比较高（40％～60％），而准好氧填埋中填埋气的甲烷含量只有10％～20％。对于中小型的填埋场，由于技术和成本的制约，建立准好氧填埋场，不仅有利于加快垃圾的稳定化进程，还可以减少甲烷的生成量，减轻对环境所造成的污染。     

膜-生物反应器混合液性质对膜污染影响的研究进展

膜-生物反应器作为一种新型的污水处理和回用技术,近年来在基础研究和实际应用领域都得到广泛关注,但是影响其长期稳定运行的膜污染问题却一直没有得到深入研究和解决.混合液特性是影响膜污染控制的重要因素,从混合液理化性质(组成、功能、结构和环境因素)和生物学性质(微生物群落结构、微生物功能特征)2个方面进行介绍,综述了目前关于混合液性质与膜污染关系的研究现状.目前的研究虽然取得一定进展,但在相关性分析、群落特征与膜污染关系、污染层形成机理等方面仍存在许多不足.     

高炉煤气袋式除尘系统的问题及改进

钢铁生产会产生大量的煤气.袋式除尘是高炉煤气除尘的发展方向.对重钢高炉煤气袋式除尘系统问题的分析研究结果表明:要使钢铁企业煤气除尘系统更高效、低耗、环保的运行,必须采用灵活、可操作性强的煤气温度调节手段,选择适宜的阀门和喷吹控制方式,优化除尘灰的保温模式和卸灰设备的结构等.     

定量结构──活性相关研究进展

ＱＳＡＲ方法用于预测环境中化学品的归宿及其毒性与日骤增，本文着重研究ＱＳＡＲ方法在不同领域中的进展和成就，不仅论述了我们关心的ＱＳＡＲ文献进展本身，而且还讨论了它的基础部分。精选ＱＳＡＲ模式在生态毒理学中的应用以及物理化学性质的估算等，     

城市产业水污染控制优化研究——以株洲市为例

针对城市产业水污染状况，应用产业结构和工业行业结构优化模型，试图找出城市产业结构调整方法。研究以株洲市为例，根据株洲市产业结构和行业结构特点对模型进行改进和最优化计算。计算结果表明，产业和行业生产用水的调整可以减少废水排放量和实现经济增长。在此基础上，提出了株洲市产业和行业凋整方案，以期实现城市经济发展与环境保护协调发雇。     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计     

Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia

Scale is emerging as one of the critical problems in ecology because our perception of most ecological variables and processes depends upon the scale at which the variables are measured. A conclusion obtained at one scale may not be valid at another scale without sufficient knowledge of the scaling effect, which is also a source of misinterpretation for many ecological problems, such as the design of reserves in conservation biology.This paper attempts to study empirically how scaling may affect the spatial patterns of diversity (tree density, richness and Shannon diversity) that we may perceive in tropical forests, using as a test-case a 50 ha forest plot in Malaysia. The effect of scale on measurements of diversity patterns, the occurrence of rare species, the fractal dimension of diversity patterns, the spatial structure and the nearest-neighbour autocorrelation of diversity are addressed. The response of a variable to scale depends on the way it is measured and the way it is distributed in space.We conclude that, in general, the effect of scaling on measures of biological diversity is non-linear; heterogeneity increases with the size of the sampling units, and fine-scale information is lost at a broad scale. Our results should lead to a better understanding of how ecological variables and processes change over scale.     

套种模式对水土保持效应的影响

在东江中上游低效水土保持林的改造中,营建了不同套种模式的水保林,效益监测结果表明,乔灌草模式、乔灌模式和马尾松纯林模式中,以乔灌草模式的水土保持效果为最佳.乔、灌、草层分别对降水的截留和吸附,以及大量的地上枯落物具有强大的持水能力,有效地减少了雨滴直接冲刷地表,使得乔灌草模式的土壤侵蚀明显减少,套种4 a后土壤侵蚀模数降为960 t/(km2(a),约为乔灌模式的1/3和马尾松纯林的1/5;同时使土壤蓄水能力提高,土壤肥力状况得到改善.     

试论现代广告文案的写作问题

广告文案是广告创作的主体，在文案创作中，应做到主题明确、内容真实、结构简明，另外，还要注意语言科学，要求用词简明扼要、生动新颖，具有适应性和心理鼓动性。