Bt作物杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中残留动态的研究进展

综述了转Bt作物释放的杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中的残留动态．重点阐述了：①土壤中Bt毒素蛋白的检测方法；②Bt毒素在土壤中残留、富集与降解动态；③Bt毒素蛋白与土壤中具有表面活性颗粒的吸附结合规律；④土壤中Bt毒素的杀虫活性．国内外研究结果表明，转基因植物释放到土壤中的Bt毒素蛋白迅速与土壤中具有表面活性的颗粒吸附并紧密结合，降低生物降解，但结合后的Bt毒素结构没有改变，致使毒素蛋白在土壤中长期滞留并保持其杀虫活性，可能会对土壤中非靶标生物造成不良影响．因此深入、系统地研究和评价转Bt作物释放的Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的风险迫在眉睫．参50     

土地整理潜力分析

随着社会经济的发展,我国的土地整理必然从增加耕地面积的单目标向提高农业综合生产能力、改善和保护生态环境、促进乡村基础设施建设的多目标方向发展。因此,科学分析土地整理潜力是目前迫切需要解决的问题,也是科学编制土地整理专项规划及进行土地整理项目规划设计的需要。从内涵上讲,土地整理潜力是相对于一定土地整理标准而言的潜力,是经济、生态条件约束下的潜力,其实质是土地利用潜力。从来源上分析,耕地整理潜力主要来源于农村道路、排灌沟渠的整治与完善、田块的合并与规整、限制因素的改造与消除、农田防护林网的修建与完善。农村居民点整理潜力主要来源于居民宅基地用地量的降低、建筑容积率的提高、闲散土地的再利用、自然村向中心村的合并以及村内基础设施与公共设施的配套完善。     

汞对蔬菜幼苗生长及氧化酶同工酶的影响

汞是城市污水中的一种主要有毒物,郊区农民常用这种污水灌溉农作物,造成减产。含汞工业污水对水稻、小麦种子萌发、幼苗及胚根生长的毒性影响及体内某些酶的变化已有一些报道,但对蔬菜幼苗期形态变化与体内某些酶变化的关系则很少有人探讨。我们用不同浓度汞溶液处理番茄等6种作物种子,探讨其对幼苗生长的影响及体内氧化酶同工酶变化的关系,为生产上早期检测作物受汞害的程度、选择抗汞害的作物品种提供依据。     

大伙房水库水体氮、磷污染分析

分析了大伙房水库水体中氮、磷污染物来源及份额，结果表明：1992～2005年均入库总氮、总磷量分别为1731t和84t，总氮、总磷主要水库上游的的种植业、养殖业、林业和生活污水。     

太湖流域农田生产-畜禽养殖系统氮素流动特征

为应对太湖严峻的水体富营养化现状,从源头上降低面源污染负荷,基于物质流分析法与质量守恒原理,研究了常熟市辛庄镇农田生产-畜禽养殖系统的氮素流动通量、流动效率及环境负荷,并用实测值进行了参数校正. 结果表明:2000—2012年,辛庄镇农田生产子系统的单位面积氮素流动通量呈下降趋势,而畜禽养殖子系统的单位面积氮素流动通量则在42.5~50.9 kg/hm2范围内持续波动. 氮素利用率与氮素循环利用率均较低,氮素环境损失率较高,系统损失的氮素中有54.5%进入周围水体. 2000年以来,作物种植与畜禽养殖对辛庄镇环境氮负荷的贡献率分别在38.8%~50.2%与25.4%~35.8%之间波动. 辛庄镇农田施氮量为310.8 kg/hm2,人畜排泄氮量为61.1 kg/hm2,分别远高于全国平均值(197.2和18.6 kg/hm2). 过量施用化学氮肥与畜禽粪便的大量排放是辛庄镇环境氮负荷加重的主要原因. 辛庄镇高投入高产出的农业生产方式加大了太湖水环境修复的难度. 建议调整作物种植与畜禽养殖结构,推广科学施肥与生态养殖,将农田生产与畜禽养殖结合形成产业链,以此减轻氮素环境负荷.      

Present Development Situation of Transgenic Crops and Effect on Ecological Environment

In recent years, genetic engineering technology has been playing a great role in improving crops. As far as property is concerned, transgenic crops are mainly classified into three types. One is anti-herbicide crops; next is anti-disease and anti-insect pest transgenic crops. The third is high added-value transgenic crops, such as insulin tomatoes China has cultivated. We have successfully expressed hepatitis B virus surface antigen genes in tomatoes and potatoes. Besides, scientists have al…     

近20a三峡库区农林地利用变化图谱特征分析

土地利用变化图谱单元能够把表示"空间单元特征的图"与表示"时间发展之起点与过程的谱"合为一体,并建立起空间—属性—过程一体化数据信息。论文以TM/ETM影像为空间数据源,构建三峡库区1990—2000年和2000—2010年两个阶段农林地利用变化信息图谱,以及融合1990、2000、2010年这三个时期土地利用现状的变化模式图谱,以探讨库区近20 a来的农林用地变化轨迹和特征规律。结果表明:1 1990—2000年阶段的农林地利用变化图谱主要以农林地间及其和草地互换、建设用地占用农林地的图谱单元类型为主。空间差异上最为显著的是"耕地→建设用地(编码15)"、"草地→林地(编码32)"和"林地→草地(编码23)",空间分离度较低。2 2000—2010年阶段的农林地利用变化图谱单元分离度增大,农林地利用发生转换空间进一步扩张。最显著变化的是"耕地→林地(编码12)"和"耕地→建设用地(编码15)"图谱单元类型,其次是农林地转换为水域图谱类型(编码14和24)的面积增大。3库区农林地利用变化模式以前期变化型和后期变化型为主,反复变化型和持续变化型发生概率较小,库区农林地利用的转换具有明显的时间阶段性特征。     

SOIL MOISTURE SENSING WITH AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIURNAL RANGE OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE1

ABSTRACT: Aircraft Observations of the surface temperature were made by measurements of the thermal emission in the 8-14 μm band over agricultural fields around Phoenix, Arizona. The diuranal range of these surface temperature measurnments were well correlated with the ground measurment of soil moisture in the 0-2 cm layer. The surface temperature indicating no moisture stress. These results indicate that for clear atmospheric conditions remoteley sensed sufrace temperatures can be a reliable indicator of soil moisture conditions and crop status.     

Herbaceous Covers to Control Tree Invasion in Rights-of-Way: Ecological Concepts and Applications

In northeastern America, thousands of kilometers of utility rights-of-way (ROWs) have to be managed to prevent the establishment of a tall vegetation cover that does not comply with safety and maintenance regulations. Recent decades have seen the emergence of ecologically based vegetation control strategies to reduce environmental impacts as well as maintenance costs. One such strategy is to take advantage of competitive herbaceous covers to limit tree invasion. This approach, however, as well as its fundamental underlying principles, has been little scrutinized. In this article, (1) we present the main ecological concepts supporting the use of a herbaceous cover to limit tree invasion, emphasizing naturally forested ecosystems of northeastern America. They include reported evidence of stable plant communities and an overview of potential underlying mechanisms of inhibition. (2) We then review field applications, specifically testing the ability of seeded herbaceous covers to control tree invasion in ROWs. (3) We discuss unresolved issues relevant to management and research. The available evidence suggests that seeding herbaceous covers in ROWs can help control tree invasion, but many issues still limit broad-scale applications. The various interactions that govern plant community dynamics are far from being fully understood, so selecting species still largely depends on an empirical approach. Patterns of resistance to tree invasion must be investigated over a wide range of spatial, historical, and environmental contexts to determine effective management and seeding practices that will lead to broad-scale applications. We suggest establishing communities rather than single dominant species and using as much as possible native species to limit risks of invasion.Published online     

长江流域粮食生产态势与潜力

通过大量的资料分析了长江流域在进入９０年代后的粮食生产的消费态势。粮食生产过程中存在的主要问题,及其对讹诈 影响,资料分析表明,长流域七省一市的粮食生产表现为,粮食单产略有提高,粮食总产徘徊,粮食消费量与居民的经济收入密切相关。