基于Hydrus-1D模型的太湖流域农田系统水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征分析

在土壤水分长期定位观测基础上,应用Hydrus-1D模型对太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田土壤水分渗漏进行动态模拟,并结合深层土壤溶液取样及氮磷浓度测定,分析了当前耕作方式下农田水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征。结果表明,土壤水渗漏与降雨、灌溉及前期土壤含水率有关;麦季深层渗漏量小但持续时间长,而稻季单次渗漏量大却持续时间短。模拟时段内铵态氮和可溶解性总磷的淋失主要发生在稻季,淋失量分别为2.62、0.49 kg/hm²,分别占稻麦轮作期总淋失量的96.0%、96.0%,而硝态氮淋失主要发生在麦季,淋失量为57.97 kg/hm²,占总淋失量的80.2%;无机氮淋失的主要形态为硝态氮,其淋失量占总淋失量的96.4%。综合看来,硝态氮应作为主要阻控对象,以减少农田面源污染对地下水及太湖水体的污染风险。此外,氮磷淋失在6、7月份即休耕期和水稻生长早期容易达到峰值,应得到重视。     

The relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillations and cereal production in Sahel

The effect of drought on crop yield and water resources has been an important socio-economic concern in the Sahel region of Africa. The most severe droughts in the Sahel region occurred during the strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. There is thus increased need to understand the stochastic relationship between such physical mechanism like ENSO and crop yield. In this paper, such a relationship is investigated using a wavelet approach. Our result shows that a statistically significant relationship exists between ENSO and cereal production in the region. In particular, El Niño events are devastation to millet yield with little or no impact on maize and sorghum production. This can be attributed to the lower length of growing period for maize and sorghum compared to millet. On the other hand La Niña events favor cereal production and mirrored sorghum yield during the La Niña years of 1973–1976. The potential value of ENSO-based rainfall forecast and socio-economic impact on local population in Sahel region are discussed.     

Design of Optimal Noise Hazard Control Strategy With Budget Constraint

An analytical design procedure to determine optimal noise hazard control strategies for industrial facilities is presented. Its objective is to determine a set of appropriate noise controls to eliminate or reduce noise levels so that workers ‘ daily noise exposure does not exceed a permissible level. From a given noise control budget, engineering controls will be firstly implemented, followed by administrative controls, and then the use of hearing protection devices. Six optimization models are developed and sequentially applied to select appropriate noise controls without exceeding the budget. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed design procedure.     

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.     

近50年辽宁省作物生长季气候条件变化及对农业生产的影响

利用辽宁省35个气象观测站点1956-2005年的逐月地面观测资料,对辽宁省近50年的农业气候条件的长期变化情况和空间分布特征进行了详细的分析,并初步分析了农业气候条件的变化对农业生产的影响。结果表明：近50年辽宁省生长季（4-9月）日照时数明显减少,每10年减少29.4 h;生长季日照百分率减少也很明显,平均每10年减少1.2%;生长季降水量呈微弱的减少趋势,蒸发量明显减少,平均每10年减少17.3 mm。潜在蒸发量也呈明显的减少趋势。生长季≥10℃界限温度的积温值在近50年明显增加,且全省≥10℃界限温度开始的日期明显提前,大部分地区近50年提前6 d左右。辽宁省生长季3 350℃积温等值线在最近的10年里有明显的北移和东移。     

Arsenic mobility in brownfield soils amended with green waste compost or biochar and planted with Miscanthus

Degraded land that is historically contaminated from different sources of industrial waste provides an opportunity for conversion to bioenergy fuel production and also to increase sequestration of carbon in soil through organic amendments. In pot experiments, As mobility was investigated in three different brownfield soils amended with green waste compost (GWC, 30% v/v) or biochar (BC, 20% v/v), planted with Miscanthus. Using GWC improved crop yield but had little effect on foliar As uptake, although the proportion of As transferred from roots to foliage differed considerably between the three soils. It also increased dissolved carbon concentrations in soil pore water that influenced Fe and As mobility. Effects of BC were less pronounced, but the impacts of both amendments on SOC, Fe, P and pH are likely to be critical in the context of As leaching to ground water. Growing Miscanthus had no measurable effect on As mobility.     

珠芽魔芋弥勒种——从低产到优质高产作物的希望之星

珠芽魔芋是东南亚地区的特色野生魔芋种,适宜在高温高湿环境生长。以珠芽魔芋人工诱导开花进行规模化无性育种,可将魔芋繁殖系数从1位数提高到约330倍。采用催苗技术让种子及叶面球茎提早出苗,可显著延长魔芋生长周期,使魔芋种植周期由3年缩短为1年,实现当年种植收获商品芋,从而避免魔芋种植过程中种植材料反复休眠的固有特性,可使魔芋从低产作物提升为优质高产作物,显著降低种植风险,使魔芋总量大幅增长,市场推广前景十分广阔。     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验 Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支

持续10a的田间试验结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据土壤养分供给力设计化肥施用量,可以在实现作物高产的同时,平衡土壤养分收支,从而避免土壤中肥料养分（主要是氮）过剩而进入环境。     

我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径,并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素,对我国主要农作物中逃逸风险进行了初步评价,一些农作物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险,最后探讨了避免和减小逃逸风险的措施。     

Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Methods in Arid,Semiarid, and Humid Regions

It is often necessary to find a simpler method in different climatic regions to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) since the application of the FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith method is often restricted due to the unavailability of a comprehensive weather dataset. Seven ET_o methods, namely the standard FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith, the FAO‐24 Radiation, FAO‐24 Blaney Criddle, 1985 Hargreaves, Priestley‐Taylor, 1957 Makkink, and 1961 Turc, were applied to calculate monthly averages of daily ET_o, total annual ET_o, and daily ET_o in an arid region at Aksu, China, in a semiarid region at Tongchuan, China, and in a humid region at Starkville, Mississippi, United States. Comparisons were made between the FAO‐56 method and the other six simple alternative methods, using the index of agreement D, modeling efficiency (EF), and root mean square error (RMSE). For the monthly averages of daily ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.82 to 0.98, 0.55 to 0.98, and 0.23 to 1.00 mm/day, respectively. For the total annual ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.21 to 0.91, ?43.08 to 0.82, and 24.80 to 234.08 mm/year, respectively. For the daily ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.58 to 0.97, 0.57 to 0.97, and 0.30 to 1.06 mm/day, respectively. The results showed that the Priestly‐Taylor and 1985 Hargreaves methods worked best in the arid and semiarid regions, while the 1957 Makkink worked best in the humid region.