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431.
432.
土壤施加垃圾堆肥的允许负荷量 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:6
利用城市生活垃圾堆肥进行生菜、青菜、小麦三种作物的盆栽试验,并根据作物中金属元素Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、As的含量,探讨了三种土壤施加垃圾堆肥的效果及允许负荷量,结果表明:土壤消纳垃圾肥的潜力很大,但不同土壤类型对垃圾肥的负荷量有明显差异。 相似文献
433.
针对目前抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法存在的问题,提出了以亲和性为依据的抗性基因流的评估方法;同时以时间关系序列、空间关系序列和种群数量关系序列为原则,探讨了近缘种选择的标准。 相似文献
434.
喀斯特地区地表地下的二元储水结构导致地表水渗漏严重,而土被浅薄且分布不连续,土壤蓄水量不足,易导致作物出现缺水。以贵州省为例,基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和气象资料,估算了贵州省1961~2014年参考作物蒸散量ET_O,在此基础上运用反距离权重插值法对贵州省ET_O进行空间插值,分析了贵州省ET_O的时空变化特征,并用多元回归分析方法探讨了影响贵州省ET_O的主要因素。结果表明:贵州省西部地区的ET_O高于中、东部地区;1年之中ET_O主要集中于夏季和春季,冬季最少;60年代的ET_O高于多年平均值,70年代之后逐渐降低,90年代达到最低值,2000年以来ET_O急剧升高;从年际变化看,贵州省年平均ET_O总体呈波动上升趋势,1961~2002年持续降低,2003年以后显著升高;年际变化中秋季ET_O变化最大,其次为春季、夏季,冬季变化最小;影响贵州省ET_O的主导气象因素是日照时数,两者呈显著的正相关,地理纬度与ET_O存在明显的负相关。贵州省ET_O的时空特征研究及其影响因素分析将为其他喀斯特地区的农业发展和水资源合理配置提供科学依据。 相似文献
435.
Helena Kahiluoto Elise Ketoja Mauritz Vestberg 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,134(1-2):36-45
The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling. 相似文献
436.
For policy decisions with respect to CO2-mitigation measures in the agricultural sector, national and regional estimations of the efficiency of such measures are required. The conversion of ploughed cropland to zero-tillage is discussed as an option to reduce CO2 emissions and promises at the same time effective soil and water conservation. Based on the upscaling of simulation results with the soil and land resources information system SLISYS-BW, estimations of CO2-mitigation rates in relation to crop rotations and soil type have been made for the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany). The results indicate considerable differences in the CO2-mitigation rates between crop rotations ranging from 0.48 to 0.03 Mg C ha−1 a−1 for winter cereals–spring cereals–rape rotations and winter cereals–spring cereals–corn silage rotations, respectively. The efficiency of the crop rotations is strongly related to the total carbon input and in particular the amount of crop residues. Among the considered soil types, highest CO2-mitigation rates are associated with Cumulic Anthrosols (0.62 Mg C ha−1 a−1) and the lowest with Gleysols (−0.01 Mg C ha−1 a−1). An agricultural extensification scenario with conventional plowing but conversion of the presently applied intensive crop rotations to a clover–clover–winter cereals rotation indicated a CO2-mitigation potential of 466 Gg C a−1. However, the present high market prices for cereals and increasing demand for energy production from biomass encourages an intensification of the agricultural production and an excessive removal of biomass which in future will seriously reduce the potential for carbon sequestration on cropland. 相似文献
437.
ABSTRACTReturning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies. 相似文献
438.
覆沙改良科尔沁沙地-松辽平原交错区盐碱地与造田技术研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
为了研究盐碱地改造利用,进行了沙土和盐碱土混合,研究混合后的"沙碱土"特性,并实验了其种植作物的幼苗表现。科尔沁沙地与松嫩平原盐碱地和辽河平原盐碱地在松辽分水岭两侧交错重叠分布,面积达350×104hm2,具有可改造旱田100×104hm2的潜力。当盐碱土中混入40%~60%的沙丘风沙土时,电导率指示的盐分含量降低20%~50%,碱化度降低40%~60%,满足种植玉米、向日葵等旱作作物的条件。此区进行盐碱地"覆沙造旱田"在理论和实践上都具有可行性。 相似文献
439.
研究运用分层随机抽样法,在常州市武进区开展农户问卷调查,并利用统计软件对问卷信息进行整理和分析,得到主要结论如下:①太湖流域稻麦轮作系统稻季平均施氮量为310.91 kg·hm-2,麦季平均施氮量为202.18 kg·hm-2,一年两季作物平均施氮量为513.09 kg·hm-2,氮肥过量施用现象主要存在于稻季;②施氮肥对水稻和冬小麦都具有较好的增产作用,但是当施氮量达到一定值后,水稻和冬小麦的产量、氮素累积量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥吸收利用率都出现下降的趋势;③太湖流域稻麦轮作系统土地氮剩余量和面源氮排放量随着施氮量的增加而持续增加,在目前的氮肥施入水平下一年两季作物的氮素流失量约为41.26 kg·hm-2。 相似文献
440.
不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。 相似文献