农牧交错带退耕还草地土壤风蚀影响因子分析

使用对比、回归分析和主成分分析的方法，研究影响农牧交错带退耕还草地土壤风蚀的因子。结果认为，试验地区土壤在3月-5月间潜在风蚀最强，相同气候条件下，退耕还草地比农田受风力侵蚀的几率低；被试范围内随土壤体积质量、植物基盖度、留茬高度、地表粗糙度和土壤非侵蚀性团聚体含量的增加，风蚀强度均呈下降趋势；构建的2个相互对立的土壤风蚀影响因子中，对土壤风蚀的影响最大的是留茬高度因子，其次为地表粗糙度因子。     

密云水库上游地区农田土壤有机碳储量及变化模拟

农田土壤有机碳(SOC)库对粮食安全和全球气候变化具有重要影响,因此,开展农田土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化研究在政治经济和生态环境层面具有重要意义.采用农业生物地球化学模型--DNDC对密云水库上游地区农田土壤有机碳储量及其变化进行模拟研究,首先应用当地实测结果进行模型验证,然后根据当地气候条件、土壤性质和现行农业耕作管理特点等建立GIS区域数据库,并在数据库的支持下进行区域模拟和分析.结果表明:2006年密云水库上游地区214 920 hm~2农田土壤(0～25 cm)的总有机碳储量为7 646×10~6 kg,其中位于河北省境内的该地区63.1%的农田储存了全区68.1%的SOC;平均每公顷农田SOC储量为35 576.1 kg,低于全国平均水平;由于化肥和有机肥投入的增加,经过1 a耕种后,2006年该地区农田SOC储量增加142.5×10~6 kg,整个地区及各区县农田土壤碳收支均为正,是大气CO_2的一个汇.情景分析表明,气温升高对该地区农田SOC积累具有显著的负效应;而提高秸秆还田比例、适量施用化肥、增施有机肥、增加灌溉和采取免耕方式等措施均能有效增加土壤有机碳的积累.     

Estimation and validation of biomass of a mountainous agroecosystem by means of sampling,spectral data and QuickBird satellite image

Biomass estimation in agroecosystems (AESs) is important to understand their role in carbon exchange for a sustainable environment. We used field spectra and sampled biomass of an AES including cultivated and abandoned croplands to develop a simple biomass estimation model. The digital number (DN) of a QuickBird (QB) satellite image was converted to a reflectance factor using the dark object subtraction method and the spectral reflectance of asphalt. The relationship between the reflectance factor of field-based spectra and the QB image obtained in early July 2007 was insignificant in the blue (R ² = 0.15) and green (R ² = 0.18) bands but was significant (p < 0.05) in the red (R ² = 0.57) and near-infrared (NIR, R ² = 0.45) bands in the AES. Better correlations were obtained between field-based and QB-based vegetation indices (VIs). The best correlations were obtained with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (R ² = 0.97, p < 0.001) and the ratio vegetation index (RVI) (R ² = 0.99, p < 0.001). Biomass was significantly correlated with both field-based NDVI and RVI (R ² = 0.79 and 0.72, respectively, p < 0.001). Although RVI saturated at higher biomass densities (>600 g m^?2), NDVI showed a linear relationship. Other field-based VIs showed poorer correlations with biomass. The model was evaluated by incorporating it into high-resolution QB images to obtain the observed biomass. The relationship between field-estimated and QB-observed biomass appeared to be a one-to-one linear relationship (R ² = 0.79). Thus, models using field spectra and sampled biomass can be applied to QB images for remote estimation of biomass in an AES.     

中国农田主要温室气体排放特征与控制技术

全球气候变化已成为不争的事实,已经引起了各国科学家和政府的高度重视。人类活动向大气中排放的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）等温室气体浓度的增加是导致气候变化的重要原因之一。农田土壤是这三种温室气体的重要来源。文章概述了农田土壤CO2、CH4和N2O三种主要温室气体的排放机制,系统总结了国内对这三种温室气体排放通量的观测研究,提出了相应的减排技术对策,并对目前的研究问题和未来的发展方向作了深入的探讨,以期为控制农田土壤温室气体排放、发展低碳农业提供参考依据。     

Nonpoint Source Pollution Responses Simulation for Conversion Cropland to Forest in Mountains by SWAT in China

Several environmental protection policies have been implemented to prevent soil erosion and nonpoint source (NPS) pollutions in China. After severe Yangtze River floods, the “conversion cropland to forest policy” (CCFP) was carried out throughout China, especially in the middle and upper reaches of Yangtze River. The research area of the current study is located in Bazhong City, Sichuan Province in Yangtze River watershed, where soil erosion and NPS pollution are serious concerns. Major NPS pollutants include nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term impact of implementation of the CCFP on stream flow, sediment yields, and the main NPS pollutant loading at watershed level. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a watershed environmental model and is applied here to simulate and quantify the impacts. Four scenarios are constructed representing different patterns of conversion from cropland to forest under various conditions set by the CCFP. Scenario A represented the baseline, i.e., the cropland and forest area conditions before the implementation of CCFP. Scenario B represents the condition under which all hillside cropland with slope larger than 25° was converted into forest. In scenario C and D, hillside cropland with slope larger than 15° and 7.5° was substituted by forest, respectively. Under the various scenarios, the NPS pollution reduction due to CCFP implementation from 1996–2005 is estimated by SWAT. The results are presented as percentage change of water flow, sediment, organic N, and organic P at watershed level. Furthermore, a regression analysis is conducted between forest area ratio and ten years’ average NPS load estimations, which confirmed the benefits of implementing CCFP in reducing nonpoint source pollution by increasing forest area in mountainous areas. The reduction of organic N and organic P is significant (decrease 42.1% and 62.7%, respectively) at watershed level. In addition, this study also proves that SWAT modeling approach can be used to estimate NPS pollutants’ impacts of land use conversions in large watershed.     

松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力研究

农田土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力是陆地碳循环和全球气候变化研究中的一个重要问题。论文基于第二次土壤普查数据和实地取样数据,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量,分析4个县市(德惠市、九台市、农安县、公主岭市)农田表层土壤碳库的饱和水平和固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田土壤固碳潜力的差异。结果表明,1980-2005年间,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳储量增加了7.20 TgC。各县市农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以德惠市最大,为4.11 kgC·m^-2,九台市次之,公主岭市最低,为3.14 kgC·m^-2。假设在1980年土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,估算得到松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤的固碳潜力为8.17 TgC。从单位面积固碳潜力看,九台市最高,为0.77 kgC·m^-2,农安县次之,德惠市和公主岭市均低于松嫩平原玉米带。松嫩平原玉米带旱田和水田土壤碳库的饱和水平基本持平。     

苏北沿海地区农户耕地利用行为意愿及影响因素分析

随着快速城市化以及农村劳动力转移,长三角区域欠发达地区乡村耕地资源利用呈现新特征,从主体角度开展该区域耕地资源利用研究对乡村治理以及农业高质量发展具有重要影响。以江苏盐城和南通为例,通过问卷调查以及结构方程模型,分析农户耕地资源利用行为意向及影响因素。结果表明：苏北沿海地区不同耕地规模农户的耕地利用行为意向存在显著性差异。农户耕地资源利用行为意愿主要直接受到农户户主个人及家庭特征和耕地资源禀赋特征两个因素影响,政策认知以及技术与资金使用对其产生间接影响且程度较弱。苏北沿海地区乡村治理过程中亟需进一步开展农户分类管理与引导,促进耕地适度规模化经营,加强农户技能与政策培训,探索农业服务新模式,促进耕地资源精准管理、农业高质量发展以及乡村振兴等目标实现。     

土地利用的经济生态位分析和耕地保护机制研究

土地利用变化包括土地利用结构和土地利用强度两个方面,是土地利用类型从低生态位层次向高生态位转变的自组织行为。对不同层次的土地利用生态位进行控制与协调,才能实现一定耕地保有量下土地利用资源场的均衡。而这种均衡正是耕地总量动态平衡得以实现的前提。在生态位势理论与系统边界理论的基础上,论文构建了土地利用经济生态位的模型,并以江苏省锡山市为例定量分析了不同土地利用类型相互作用的强度。研究显示,经济发达区非农用地与农用地生态位差较大,城市化进程加快,使耕地更易损失。从资源流动的场论分析角度,探讨了建立耕地保护机制的途径和方法。在目前的水平上,把土地利用生态位作为土地利用/覆被研究中的一种新方法论更有意义。     

模拟降水量减少对大豆-冬小麦轮作农田土壤呼吸的影响

为研究降水量减少对旱作农田土壤呼吸的影响,设置大豆-冬小麦轮作田间试验.采用随机区组试验,在田间设置对照（CK）、降水量减少20%（P20%）、降水量减少40%（P40%）处理,观测了3个处理土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤湿度的季节动态变化,并观测土壤CO₂产生速率、硝化速率、反硝化速率、收获时的作物生物量.结果表明,在大豆生长季,CK、P20%、P40%这3个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为（4.91±0.67）、（4.19±0.39）、（4.35±0.32）μmol·（m²·s）^-1,处理间差异未达到显著水平（P>0.05）;在冬小麦生长季,这3个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为（2.39±0.17）、（2.03±0.02）、（1.94±0.05）μmol·（m²·s）^-1,表现为CK > P20% > P40%,处理间差异达到显著水平（P>0.05）.降水量减少降低了土壤CO₂产生速率,但对土壤硝化速率和反硝化速率的影响不明显.降水量减少对大豆根、茎叶、籽粒生物量无显著（P>0.05）影响,但显著（P<0.05）降低了冬小麦的根、茎叶、籽粒生物量.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸季节变异的主要因素,两者间呈指数回归关系,不同处理间的温度敏感系数（Q₁₀）无显著（P>0.05）差异.     

中国典型农田土壤有机碳密度的空间分异及影响因素

农田土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）是衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量的重要指标.为理解我国农田SOCD空间分异特征及其影响因素,基于中国生态系统研究网络19个典型农田生态站2005~2015年SOCD的监测数据,利用地理探测器方法,分析了农田SOCD空间分异的影响因素.结果表明,我国不同站点农田SOCD平均值变化范围为0.83~4.97 kg·m^-2,并呈现出湿润季风区高于干旱半干旱地区的空间分异特征.在不同土地利用方式下,水稻田SOCD明显高于其他类型的农田,并且其表现出显著增加的趋势（P<0.05）,增加速率为0.13 kg·（m²·a）^-1.土壤理化性状和降水量是影响农田SOCD空间分布的重要因素,特别是土壤碱解氮含量对农田SOCD空间分布影响最大,且它分别与纬度、土壤类型、降水量及土壤pH等因素交互后影响力显著增强,本研究结果对我国农田温室气体减排增汇提供重要的科学依据.