EFFECTS OF INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON STREAM DISCHARGE FROM RHODE RIVER SUBWATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between precipitation at the seasonal and annual scale and water discharge per surface area for seven contiguous first - and second-order tributaries of the Rhode River, a small tidal tributary to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. The goal was to quantify the effects of a wide range of precipitation, representative of inter-annual variations in weather in this region. The discharges measured included both overland storm flows and groundwater, since the aquifers were perched on a clay aquiclude. Precipitation varied from 824 to 1684 mm/yr and area-weighted Rhode River watershed discharge varied from 130 to 669 mm/yr with an average of 332 mm/yr or 29.1 percent of average precipitation. Average annual dis. charges from three first-order watersheds were significantly lower per surface area and varied from 16.0 to 21.9 percent of precipitation. Winter season precipitation varied from 125 to 541 mm. Area-weighted Rhode River winter discharge varied from 26.3 to 230 mm with an average of 115 mm or 43.9 percent of average precipitation. Spring season precipitation varied from 124 to 510 mm and watershed discharge varied from 40.0 to 321 mm with an average of 138 mm or 46.9 percent of average precipitation. In the summer and fall seasons, watershed discharge averaged 40.6 and 40.9 mm or 13.5 and 14.3 percent of average precipitation, respectively. Except in winter, the proportion of precipitation discharged in the streams increased rapidly with increasing volume of precipitation. Stream order showed a higher correlation with volume of discharge than vegetative cover on the watershed.     

围场县农田典型药物和个人护理品污染特征与生态风险预评价

利用超声萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,对围场县全县农田中5个大类(磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类以及其他类)25种典型药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染水平进行了调查,并采用风险熵法对其进行生态风险预评价。结果表明:有23种目标PPCPs被检出,不同目标物检出率差异显著,检出含量范围为0.38~6.50μg·kg-1,单种污染物最高检出浓度为101.9μg·kg-1(磺胺甲恶唑)。以目标物划分,分别有7种和5种被检出物质达到生态高风险和中等风险水平;以采样区域划分,41个土壤点位中分别有17个和12个达到生态高风险和中等风险水平。畜用PPCPs是围场农田中PPCPs污染物的主要来源,兽药滥用、粪便自然堆沤等传统农耕模式有造成农田土壤中PPCPs累积的趋势,因此需严控PPCPs污染源头,并推进畜禽粪便安全的资源化利用,以减缓农田土壤中由于PPCPs污染带来的潜在生态风险,保障围场地区生态环境功能、农田环境质量以及农产品安全品质。     

Is there a Kuznets curve for cropland use? The evidence from international panel data

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes the nonlinear relationship between production and its environmental effects, suggesting that the negative effect of production on the natural environment is reversed at higher levels of development. In contrast to the majority of the studies, this paper considers the possibility of non-linear effects of per capita output on agricultural land use (cropland), as one of the natural resource stocks, and additionally examines the influence of demographic and productivity variables on the agricultural land use. The study draws on panel data from 143 economies over the 1990–2019 period and employs a series of panel econometrics techniques (including panel unit root and cointegration tests, panel ordinary least squares, generalized method of moments, and panel quantile models). The results unequivocally indicate the inverted U-shaped relationship between the GDP per capita and cropland use, as per EKC hypothesis. The results are robust with respect to employing different techniques, the identified turning points correspond to low and low-middle-income levels, and the effects of agricultural productivity and population density on land use are respectively negative and positive.     

近20 a陕北地区耕地变化及其对农田生产力的影响

陕北地区耕地开垦和生态保护与建设工程等对耕地资源的空间分布格局产生了重要影响,并进一步影响农田生产力。论文基于中高分辨率卫星遥感数据,经人机交互目视解译和实地验证,生成陕北地区1990、2000和2010年耕地现状以及前后两个10 a耕地动态数据集。利用光能利用率遥感模型,结合中分辨率、长时间序列卫星遥感数据估算陕北地区农田净初级生产力,分析耕地变化对农田生产力的影响。结果表明,陕北地区耕地面积及其生产力在研究期前10 a小幅增长,后10 a明显减少。耕地减少的最主要原因是生态退耕,城市化也是耕地减少的原因之一。总体而言,20 a来,陕北地区耕地资源总面积净减少42.56%;受耕地面积变化的影响,同期农田净初级生产力下降了41.90%。研究对于评估陕北地区耕地安全和粮食安全,指导区域土地利用科学规划,具有重要意义。     

退耕还林补偿政策与农户响应的关联分析——以冀西北地区为例

按照农户退耕还林选择以利益最大化为目标的经济学假设，本文应用成本效益分析方法，构建了国家补偿政策与农户响应的关联分析模型。并应用该模型对研究区被调查农户进行实证分析，得到对退耕还林的经济效益预期是农户退耕还林意愿的决定因素的基本结论。为此，从充分尊重农民意愿、加快农村剩余劳动力转移、加强基本农田建设、提高农民文化素质等方面，提出了保障退耕还林生态工程有效实施的措施建议。     

中国耕地低碳利用绩效测算与时空分异

推进耕地利用低碳转型是应对气候暖化威胁的有效途径。在核算耕地利用碳排放、碳吸收基础上,应用GB-US-S-SBM模型测算2000—2019年中国30个省（市、自治区）的耕地低碳利用绩效,进而分析绩效时空特征及收敛性。研究发现：（1）中国耕地利用碳排放、碳吸收、净碳汇强度依次为1.980 t∙hm^-2、5.624 t∙hm^-2、3.644 t∙hm^-2,各省份耕地利用系统均呈碳盈余状态。 （2）全国耕地低碳利用绩效历经剧烈起伏、缓慢上升、波动不定、高速增长四个阶段。根据初始绩效和变化率,可将省域划分为低效高潜型（北京等15地）、低效平稳型（江苏等4地）、高效平稳型（重庆等3地）、高效低潜型（湖北等3地）、高效高潜型（吉林等5地）。期初,高、低效省份分别聚集于西南、西北;期末,高效省份主要位于西北、东北,低效省份集中分布于长江中游地区。（3）全国、中部、东部的绩效不存在σ收敛,东北和西部的绩效遵循σ收敛。全国及四大区域绩效均呈β收敛,省份间存在追赶趋势。本文可为制定区域差异化耕地利用低碳转型策略提供依据。     

基于决策树的黑龙江省旱耕地分类

基于决策树和EOS/MODIS数据,参考黑龙江省的农事活动和农作物发育期数据,对该省旱耕地进行了分类。结果表明,利用MODIS较高时间分辨率的特点,提取该省植被物候信息,可以在较短时间内实现对旱耕地分布及面积的定量描述;由于黑龙江省的干湿冷暖差异较大,按气候特征分区进行旱耕地判识的效果较好,总体精度可达到85.27%,Kappa系数0.8415。该项研究可为黑龙江省旱耕地面积数据的及时获取提供参考。     

东江流域低产耕地的低产原因及改良利用对策

根据调查数据，指出森林破坏严重、水利不过关、土壤质量低、有机肥施用量减少、以及农产品价格偏低而导致经济投入减少和管理不善，是东江流域低产耕地的主要低产原因，并提出了如下的改良利用对策：继续进行林业建设和改造，加强水利建设、完善排灌系统和采用节水措施，改良土壤提高地力，因地制宜合理利用，增加投入和制订粮食收购保护价。     

广东耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作的成果及其应用展望

根据农业部的布置，广东省选择佛山市高明区开展耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作。查清了高明区耕地等级及其分布、土壤肥力状况、土壤及水源受污染的背景，建立了高明区耕地质量管理信息系统，为高明区土壤合理利用和改良、作物布局调整、肥料合理生产和正确施用、土地有偿使用、无公害优质农产品生产等提供了指导，也为今后全省各地开展该项工作提供了参考。     

郴州市退耕还林的调查与思考

通过对郴州市实施退耕还林几年来的实践和探索，分析现状，总结经验，提出了保证工程顺利实施的建议．