多介质渗透反应格栅中氨氮的转化与存在形态

在利用渗透反应格栅技术修复地下水氨氮污染过程中,掌握氨氮在不同介质环境中的转化规律及存在形态对多介质渗透反应格栅中各介质作用及氮转化过程的控制十分重要.针对进水氨氮浓度约10 mg/L的模拟地下水,以天然河沙、释氧材料、斜发沸石及海绵铁为反应介质,设计了一套多介质渗透反应格栅模拟氨氮在各介质环境中的转化及归宿.结果表明,在天然河沙层,氨氮优先被河沙吸附固定,但去除量有限(△C＜1.5 mg/L),氨氮主要以离子态溶于模拟地下水.在好氧沸石层,氨氮经沸石吸附及生物硝化协同作用几乎被完全去除,该层出水氨氮浓度低于0.01 mg/L,且氮主要存在形态为硝酸盐氮(C=10～26.6 mg/L).在铁厌氧层,部分硝酸盐氮经海绵铁化学还原和生物反硝化作用,分别被转化为氨氮(△C=2～9.5 mg/L)和氮气(△C＜8 mg/L),其余硝酸盐氮以离子态继续存留于模拟地下水.     

重金属杂质对磷酸铵镁结晶法处理制药废水的影响

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理废水时常受众多因素影响,其中重金属类杂质对该过程影响较大。实验研究了Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺杂质存在条件下,用该法去除制药废水中PO₄^3-、NH₄⁺污染物,同时,用XRD、XRF、SEM等手段研究了所得鸟粪石晶体特征。结果表明,pH为9.5时,Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺杂质存在条件下,PO₄^3-去除率分别为88%和85%,投加晶种有利于回收特定晶形鸟粪石,Cu²⁺对磷酸铵镁结晶过程的影响较Mn²⁺存在时显著。     

SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫简

以表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对沸石进行改性,改性后的沸石对结晶紫溶液进行吸附,以紫外可见分光光度计分析最佳吸附条件。实验结果表明,在30℃,SDS改性沸石投入量为0.25 g;吸附平衡时间为1 h;pH为8的条件下,对含50 mg/L结晶紫染料的去除率可达到92.6%,吸附量达到4.63 mg/g。SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫的等温吸附曲线与Henry型和Freundlich型均拟合较好。热力学参数计算结果表明,吸附符合自发吸热过程。     

Tree and stand growth of mature Norway spruce and European beech under long-term ozone fumigation

In a 50- to 70-year-old mixed stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Germany, tree cohorts have been exposed to double ambient ozone (2×O₃) from 2000 through 2007 and can be compared with trees in the same stand under the ambient ozone regime (1×O₃). Annual diameter growth, allocation pattern, stem form, and stem volume were quantified at the individual tree and stand level. Ozone fumigation induced a shift in the resource allocation into height growth at the expense of diameter growth. This change in allometry leads to rather cone-shaped stem forms and reduced stem stability in the case of spruce, and even neiloidal stem shapes in the case of beech. Neglect of such ozone-induced changes in stem shape may lead to a flawed estimation of volume growth. On the stand level, 2×O₃ caused, on average, a decrease of 10.2 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in European beech.     

SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫

以表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对沸石进行改性,改性后的沸石对结晶紫溶液进行吸附,以紫外可见分光光度计分析最佳吸附条件。实验结果表明,在30℃,SDS改性沸石投入量为0．25g;吸附平衡时间为1h;pH为8的条件下,对含50mg／L结晶紫染料的去除率可达到92．6％,吸附量达到4．63mg／g。SDS改性沸石吸附结晶紫的等温吸附曲线与Henry型和Freundlich型均拟合较好。热力学参数计算结果表明,吸附符合自发吸热过程。     

Urban sprawl and air quality in large US cities

This study presents the results of a paper of urban spatial structure and exceedances of the 8-h national ambient air quality standard for ozone in 45 large US metropolitan regions. Through the integration of a published index of sprawl with metropolitan level data on annual ozone exceedances, precursor emissions, and regional climate over a 13-year period, the association between the extent of urban decentralization and the average number of ozone exceedances per year, while controlling for precursor emissions and temperature, is measured. The results of this analysis support the hypothesis that large metropolitan regions ranking highly on a quantitative index of sprawl experience a greater number of ozone exceedances than more spatially compact metropolitan regions. Importantly, this relationship was found to hold when controlling for population size, average ozone season temperatures, and regional emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, suggesting that urban spatial structure may have effects on ozone formation that are independent of its effects on precursor emissions from transportation, industry, and power generation facilities.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

基于最优尺度Logit模型的交通事故形态致因分析

为剖析典型交通事故形态致因,在利用最优尺度分析法诊断交通事故形态致因共线性的基础上,筛选关键影响因素,构建无序多分类Logit交通事故致因模型并对模型进行参数标定,并选择100个交通事故样本对模型进行精度验证,该模型相对误差仅为4.0%,能够较为准确地分析典型交通事故形态致因。研究结果表明:路侧及中央隔离设施、照明是事故的保护性因子,可有效降低事故率;路侧行道树设置不合理或未及时修剪,使车辆不能有效识别道路信息,是正面碰撞的重要影响因素;机非混合道是事故的危险因子,增大了侧面碰撞事故发生概率。研究结果可为交通隐患精准识别、交通事故主动预防以及交通设施科学设计提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥结构稳定与动力性能研究

为研究大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥结构稳定与动力性能,以某竖直双吊杆简支拱为工程背景,从拱桥吊杆设计形式和不同动力模型角度出发,研究系杆拱桥影响线特征以及不同列车激励下对桥跨结构的冲击系数。利用有限元软件ANSYS与UM(Universal Mechanism)动力学分析软件联合建模,进行仿真分析。结果表明：斜吊杆拱、网状吊杆拱刚度大、挠曲性能较好;3种吊杆设计中网状吊杆拱的稳定系数相对较大;车辆运行速度越快,对桥跨结构冲击系数越大;单节机车造成的冲击系数大于编组动车组,冲击系数随车质量的增大而减小。研究结果可为设计阶段桥型选择工作提供参考。     

蚯蚓粪施用对土壤氮含量及形态的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究蚯蚓粪施用量为0 t/hm2(CK)、15 t/hm2(A1)、30 t/hm2(A2)、45 t/hm2(A3)、60 t/hm2 (A4)五种处理对土壤氮含量及形态的影响.结果 表明,与CK相比,施用蚯蚓粪后土壤有机质、电导率增加,土壤全氮(TN)含量也显著增加,TN含量在2.06～2.56 g/...