水稻产量、稻田CH4和N2O排放对长期大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高（[CO₂]_e）是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响稻田生态系统碳氮循环.深入探究长期（大于10 a）[CO₂]_e对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,对保障粮食安全和评估未来气候变化意义重大.本研究以高、低应答水稻品种为供试材料,利用连续运行14 a的[CO₂]升高（free-air CO₂ enrichment,FACE）平台,共设置2个[CO₂]处理：对照（正常[CO₂],[CO₂]_a）和在[CO₂]_a基础上升高200 μmol·mol^-1（[CO₂]_e）.采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,并测定水稻产量.结果表明,对比[CO₂]_a,长期[CO₂]_e分别增加高、低应答水稻品种产量29%~31%（P<0.05）和12%~14%（P>0.05）;分别减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田CH₄排放21%~59%和11%~54%;同时,分别显著减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田N₂O排放70%（P<0.05）和40%（P<0.05）.水稻产量、稻田CH₄排放对长、短期[CO₂]_e的响应具有明显差异,随着[CO₂]_e年限的增加,水稻产量和稻田CH₄排放的增幅显著下降,而稻田N₂O排放无明显变化.综合考虑,长期[CO₂]_e条件下,高应答水稻品种为优先考虑种植的"增产减排"水稻品种.     

重金属污染预防品种的筛选与培育

植物吸收和累积重金属不仅存在显著植物种间差异,同时存在显著植物种内差异,从而为筛选和培育重金属污染预防品种（PSCs）提供了可能。文章综述了植物吸收和积累重金属的种间差异和种内差异、植物积累重金属品种差异的机理以及重金属污染预防品种的筛选和培育等研究进展,并对未来该领域的研究进行了展望。     

Editorial: Effect of root anatomy and apoplastic barrier development on cadmium uptake in rice

<正>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with high mobility from soil and known translocation into plants (Song et al., 2015).Because the main source of human exposure to Cd is from food consumption, there has been increased research examining Cd uptake in agricultural plants (Li et al., 2014; Rizwan et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been identified as a major crop that contains relatively high     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷(As)对三个品系(杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻)共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.     

High cadmium pollution risk on vegetable amaranth and a selection for pollution-safe cultivars to lower the risk

A pot experiment was carried out by growing 29 different genotypes (Amaranthus spp.) of vegetable amaranth under low- (0.12 mg·kg^-1) and middle- (0.40 mg·kg^-1) cadmium (Cd) exposure. The result showed that amaranth was vulnerable to cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil. Variations of Cd concentrations in both roots and edible parts among genotypes were significant (P<0.001) in both treatments. Cd concentrations in edible parts of the tested genotypes grown under low- and middle-Cd levels were significantly correlated (p<0.01), implying that Cd-accumulating property of amaranth is genotype-dependent. Differences in Cd chemical forms between cv. Nanxingdayemashixian (cv. Nan), a selected typical pollution-safe cultivar (Cd-PSC), and cv. Pennongjianyexian (cv. Pen), a selected typical non-Cd-PSC, under different Cd exposure conditions were compared. It was found that the alternation of Cd in F_NaCl (Cd form extracted by 1 mol·L^-1 NaCl) may be a key factor in regulating Cd accumulation of different amaranth genotypes and that the protein-binding Cd is considered to be associated with Cd translocation. The results indicated that amaranth is capable of enduring high level of Cd pollution when grown as vegetable crop, and accordingly, consuming vegetable amaranth would bring high health risk. Therefore, adopting Cd-PSC strategy would help reducing the risk of Cd pollution in amaranth. In this study, cv. Nan was identified as a Cd-PSC and recommended to be applied production practice.     

Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.     

外源Cd对小白菜吸收与分配Cd、Zn的影响

采用盆栽试验研究外加Cd处理下红沙泥田和乌栅土中小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)[四月慢(SYM)和高梗白(GGB)]对Cd、Zn的吸收与分配规律.结果表明:(1)小白菜对Cd、Zn的吸收积累受土壤类型、蔬菜品种和外源Cd剂量的影响,四月慢吸收Cd能力比高梗白强,外加Cd处理、土壤、品种间的正交互作用使小白菜植株Cd/Zn比值提高;(2)小白菜食用部位Cd/Zn比值并不服从于植株对Cd、Zn的总吸收量之比,而是取决于其在根和地上食用部位中的分配,Cd的地上部分配系数为56.3%～71.1%,而Zn则为77.6%～80.6%.在一定Cd处理水平下,地上部Cd分配系数下降,而Zn分配系数无明显变化,从而减缓了Cd/Zn比值升高的趋势,使小白菜地上部受Cd毒害的风险性降低;(3)2种小白菜对Cd和Zn的吸收动态随生长时间不同而异,Cd积累量随时间延长呈不断增加趋势,而对Zn的吸收积累能力自苗期后缓慢降低.这种差异使小白菜生长后期Cd/Zn比值升高,从而提高了小白菜Cd暴露的潜在风险.此现象在红壤加Cd处理下表现尤其明显.     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草(Echinochloa colonum(Linn.)Link)、水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、水芹(Lepidiumsativum)等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3(57 000株/hm2)产量最高,比常规密度B1(42 000株/hm2)和高密度B4(64 500株/hm2)的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

大气CO2摩尔分数升高对高、低应答水稻稻田N2O排放的影响

依托稻田大气CO₂摩尔分数（x［CO₂］）升高平台FACE （free-air CO₂ enrichment）,采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法研究x［CO₂］升高（正常x［CO₂］+200 μmol·mol^-1）对高、低应答水稻（产量对x［CO₂］升高的响应分别为>30%和10%~15%）稻田N₂O排放的影响.本试验设置4个处理：A-W （正常x［CO₂］+低应答水稻）、F-W （x［CO₂］升高+低应答水稻）、A-S （正常x［CO₂］+高应答水稻）和F-S （x［CO₂］升高+高应答水稻）.结果表明,对比正常x［CO₂］处理（A-S和A-W）,x［CO₂］升高条件下高、低应答水稻（F-S和F-W）稻田N₂O排放分别降低52.54%（P<0.05）和38.40%（P<0.05）,水稻产量分别增加22.96%（P<0.05）和12.11%（P>0.05）,稻田N₂O排放强度分别降低61.68%（P<0.05）和45.13%（P<0.05）.另外,高、低应答水稻稻田N₂O排放与稻田土壤NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著相关关系,而与NO₂^--N含量无显著相关.x［CO₂］升高条件下,土壤温度是影响高应答水稻稻田N₂O排放的重要因素.综合考虑,未来x［CO₂］升高条件下,高应答水稻品种的"增产减排"效果最佳.