悬浮液进样FAAS法测定黄棕壤中的微量铜

本文采用悬浮进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定黄棕壤中微量铜 ,并对样品的研磨时间、悬浮液浓度、酸度选择及校正方法等进行了探讨。实验表明 :该法的检出限 (K =3)为 0 .12μg· g-1,精密度 (RSD)为4.6 % ,加标回收率为 98～ 10 6 % ,对水系沉积物 GSD5、GSD6标准样品测定结果与推荐值吻合。     

Adsorption behavior of RH‐5992 insecticide onto sandy and clay loam forest soils

Abstract

Adsorption‐desorption behavior of RH‐5992 [Mimic®, N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyl) hydrazine] in sandy and clay loam forest soils was studied using the batch equilibrium method. Adsorption was higher in the clay loam soil than in the sandy loam, and increased linearly with RH‐5992 concentration, but decreased with increasing pH and temperature. The adsorption data fit better to the Freundlich, than to the Langmuir equation. The K_D (linear adsorption constant) and K_F (Freundlich constant) were similar for each soil at 5, 15 and 25°C and decreased with increase of temperature, indicating that the enthalpy of adsorption was negative. The exponent of the Freundlich equation was close to unity for both soils at all three temperatures. The low E_a (energy of activation) indicated a diffusion‐controlled process during the initial stages of adsorption. The desorption isotherm differed from that of adsorption, and the linear desorption constant, K_D(d), was ca 25 times higher than the K_D, indicating that adsorption of RH‐5992 was not readily reversible. Evaluation of thermo‐dynamic parameters confirmed the presence of strong bonds between the solute and soil. These findings suggest that RH‐5992 has a limited potential for downward mobility leading to groundwater contamination.     

东南沿海经济发达地区耕地数量的动态变化及其驱动力研究

东南沿海经济发达地区的耕地变化较为显著，研究该地区耕地变化的趋势与驱动机制，对促进地区经济持续发展具有重要意义。选取绍兴市作为典型案例，探寻该市耕地数量的时空变化特征，并将主成分分析和多元逐步回归分析相结合，揭示该市耕地数量变化的驱动机制。研究结果表明：绍兴市耕地数量变化的时空特征显著，耕地呈现逐年减少的总体趋势；耕地减少以建设占用和以市场为导向的农业结构调整为主，以基本建设投入力度的加大和人们生活收入水平的提高为主要动因。研究结果可为绍兴市合理开发利用有限的耕地资源，促进区域社会与经济的可持续发展提供一定的科学依据，并为进一步研究东南沿海经济发达地区的耕地变化提供借鉴。     

当前农户耕地保护积极性的现状分析与思考

切实保护耕地是我国土地管理的基本国策，农户作为耕地的直接使用者。在耕地保护中扮演着重要的角色，如何充分调动农户的耕地保护性。提高农户的耕地保护主动性和责任心，对我国耕地保护效果至关重要。本文利用江西省16个县（区、市）952户农户的实证调查数据。从对国家耕地政策认识、耕地征用意愿、耕地保护责任认识、耕地质量保护投入等方面剖析了当前农户的耕地保护积极性现状。并进而提出调动农户耕地保护积极性的对策建议。     

Eradication of the non-native Poa pratensis colony at Cierva Point,Antarctica: A case study of international cooperation and practical management in an area under multi-party governance

The on-going introduction of non-native species to Antarctica due to expanding human activity presents an increasing threat to biodiversity. Under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, all introduced non-native species should be removed from the Antarctic Treaty area. The non-native grass Poa pratensis was first introduced to Cierva Point (Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula), along with substantial quantities of non-Antarctic soil, in the mid-1950s. Consistent with the Protocol, in January 2015 an internationally coordinated team undertook the eradication of the grass. Immediately prior to removal of P. pratensis, factors affecting its establishment, persistence and impacts upon local indigenous species was examined within the international management framework of the Antarctic Treaty System. The underlying soil had a high organic content of 15.5%, which may have contributed to the successful establishment of P. pratensis and restricted, at least initially, its vegetative growth to the enriched area. Examination of P. pratensis expansion from the original introduction sites showed that the plant colony intricate root system facilitated little or no coexistence of other native plants within its extent. The non-native plant colony also constituted a novel habitat for soil fauna within Antarctic terrestrial environments. The P. pratensis plant colony provided an unfavorable habitat for two of the locally endemic soil invertebrates, Cryptopygus antarcticus and Belgica antarctica. These observations led to the selection of an appropriate eradication approach, where the plants were targeted for physical extraction along with all underlying soil. During the eradication, c. 500 kg of soil and plant material from the P. pratensis colony was removed from the site. Monitoring one year later showed no evidence of re-establishment. Consistent with the Committee for Environmental Protection ‘Non-native Species Manual’, we recommend development and implementation of rapid response protocols following the discovery of a non-native plant colony to limit future impacts on indigenous species and local habitats.     

土壤微生物处理石油污染的研究

本文概述了石油污染土壤微生物处理的几种方法、生物降解机制以及这一领域的研究成果、研究现状，讨论了这一技术在我国的应用前景     

Element mobility and partitioning along a soil acidity gradient in central Ontario forests, Canada

The potential environmental risk posed by metals in forest soils is typically evaluated by modeling metal mobility using soil-solution partitioning coefficients (K(d)), although such information is generally restricted to a few well-studied metals. Soil-solution partitioning coefficients were determined for 17 mineral elements (Al, As, Be, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Rb, Sr, Tl, U and V) in A-horizon (0-5 cm) soil at 46 forested sites that border the Precambrian Shield in central Ontario, where soil pH(aq) varied from 3.9 to 8.1. Sites were dominated by mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) or white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Log K(d) values for all elements could be predicted by empirical linear regression with soil pH (r (2) = 0.17-0.77) independent of forest type, although this relationship was greatly affected by positive relationships between acid-extractable metal concentration and pH(aq) for 13 of the 17 elements. Elements that exhibited strong or moderate (r (2)> 0.29; p < 0.001) relationships with soil pH(aq) in soil water extracts include Al, Ba, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Rb, Tl, V (negative) and Ca (positive). Elemental partitioning in mineral soil was independent of forest type; tree species differed in their response to chemical differences in mineral soil. For example, Rb, Ba, and Sr concentrations in foliage of sugar maple and white birch significantly increased with increasing soil acidity, whereas Rb, Ba, and Sr concentrations in balsam fir and white pine foliage exhibited no response to soil pH(aq). While K(d) values can provide useful information on the potential mobility and bioavailability of mineral elements in forest soils, care must be used when interpreting the relative contribution of solid and aqueous phases to this relationship and the differing responses of vegetation in elemental cycling in forests must also be considered.     

耕地面积变化与经济发展水平的相关分析--以江苏十三个市为例

通过对江苏省13个市（1978－1996年）耕地面积变化和经济增长过程的分析,阐述了耕地面积变化量与国内生产总值变化量之间的相关性,并且根据耕地面积减少率与国内生产总值增长率的关系分析,将13个市划分为三种具体类型：（1）经济增长超前,耕地减少滞后;（2）经济增长滞后,耕地减少超前;（3）经济增长与耕地减少同步变化。由上述分析发现,耕在面积大量减少与经济过热增长阶段基本同步,江苏的经济增长模式仍属于资源消耗型。在13个市中,国内生产总值变化量与耕地面积变化量比值的差别较大,说明被挪作他用的那部分耕地的利用效益在各个市之间存在较大的差异。最后,提出了正确处理耕地减少与经济发展关系的对策建议：（1）提高耕地非农化的成本;（2）降低农业生产成本;（3）强化耕地的法律保护;（4）发展节地型经济增长技术;（4（5）加强土地复垦和土地整理。     

Critical Loads of Acidity for Forest Soils: Tentative Modifications

We reviewed the current methods for calculatingcritical loads of acidity for forest soils. The consequencesof four sets of assumptions concerning the soil modelstructure, parameter values and the critical loads criterionwere explored by comparing the values of the averageaccumulated exceedance (AAE) calculated for Finland withdeposition values for the year 1995. The AAE index is given inthe unit of deposition and is a measure of how far a region isfrom being protected in terms of fulfilling a certaincriterion, taking into account the size of the ecosystem areas.Using a critical limit for the molar ratio of theconcentrations of base cations to aluminium in soil solutiongave the lowest average accumulated exceedance. Assumingorgano-aluminium complexes and leaching of organic anions gaveAAE = 4 eq ha^-1 a^-1, which was close to the valueobtained with the standard approach used in Finland, assuminggibbsite equilibrium and no leaching of organic anions,yielding AAE = 5 eq ha^-1 a^-1. With a critical basesaturation limit, instead of the concentrations criterion, theAAE index was 17 eq ha^-1 a^-1. The highest averageaccumulated exceedance (AAE = 25 eq ha^-1 a^-1),corresponding to the lowest critical load, was obtained whenthe effects-based criterion (critical concentration or criticalbase saturation) was substituted with one restricting thedeterioration of the neutralizing capacity of the soil, ANC _le(crit) = 0. These tests illustrate the variabilityof the critical load values for acidity that can be introducedby changing the criterion or by varying the calculation method,without, however, representing the extreme values of criticalloads that could be derived.