选择试验模型法在耕地资源保护中的应用——以浙江省温岭市为例

选择试验模型法是目前国际上用于评估具有公共物品特性的自然资源和环境物品经济价值的一种相对较新的方法。论文以浙江省温岭市耕地资源保护为例,探讨选择试验模型法在耕地资源保护经济价值评估实践的可行性。在专家咨询和小组讨论的基础上,确定耕地景观、田间设施、土壤肥力和耕地保护费为温岭市耕地资源保护的4个属性。在对温岭市246名居民进行随机抽样调查的基础上,分析了温岭市耕地资源保护不同属性的价值以及耕地资源保护不同替代方案的相对价值。结果表明,对于温岭市全体居民来说,今后耕地资源保护的实施应该重点改善田间设施和提高土壤肥力,而耕地景观的改善也同样可以增加温岭市居民的福利水平。     

Earthworm Invasion as the Driving Force Behind Plant Invasion and Community Change in Northeastern North American Forests

Abstract:  Identification of factors that drive changes in plant community structure and contribute to decline and endangerment of native plant species is essential to the development of appropriate management strategies. Introduced species are assumed to be driving causes of shifts in native plant communities, but unequivocal evidence supporting this view is frequently lacking. We measured native vegetation, non-native earthworm biomass, and leaf-litter volume in 15 forests in the presence and absence of 3 non-native plant species ( Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, Berberis thunbergii ) to assess the general impact of non-native plant and earthworm invasions on native plant communities in northeastern United States. Non-native plant cover was positively correlated with total native plant cover and non-native earthworm biomass. Earthworm biomass was negatively associated with cover of native woody and most herbaceous plants and with litter volume. Graminoid cover was positively associated with non-native earthworm biomass and non-native plant cover. These earthworm-associated responses were detected at all sites despite differences in earthworm species and abundance, composition of the native plant community, identity of invasive plant species, and geographic region. These patterns suggest earthworm invasion, rather than non-native plant invasion, is the driving force behind changes in forest plant communities in northeastern North America, including declines in native plant species, and earthworm invasions appear to facilitate plant invasions in these forests. Thus, a focus on management of invasive plant species may be insufficient to protect northeastern forest understory species.     

超顺磁性纳米材料对镉污染稻田土壤微生物和酶的影响

以磁性纳米Fe₃O₄和羟基磷灰石等为原料,制备出超顺磁性纳米Fe₃O₄-磷酸盐功能化材料（MFH）,通过在镉污染稻田土壤中投加MFH,对土壤进行磁选修复.选择对Cd具有高、低富集两种水稻,在修复后土壤中进行盆栽试验,研究MFH磁选修复对土壤微生物和酶的影响,探究该材料应用于农田镉污染修复的可能性.结果表明,施用MFH修复镉污染土壤,对Cd污染土壤有较好的修复效果,土壤中总Cd和有效态Cd浓度有了明显降低,总镉去除率为38.9%,有效镉下降率为27.3%,并且两种水稻籽粒中Cd含量均显著降低.采用MFH磁选修复土壤镉后,在两种水稻拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤微生物群落多样性、群落丰富度均有所降低;栽培Cd高富集的玉针香水稻品种的处理在拔节期和抽穗期稻田土壤优势细菌Firmicutes丰度显著增加.采用MFH磁选修复土壤镉后,在两种水稻拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性以及土壤过氧化物酶活性均得到了提高;栽种Cd高富集品种玉针香的土壤POD酶活性比栽种低富集品种湘晚籼13号的土壤POD酶活性要略高,而脲酶活性则相反.     

典型石化工业城市土壤重金属源解析及空间分布模拟

土壤重金属来源定量解析和空间预测是土壤污染调查评价的重要内容,可以为区域土壤风险管控及修复提供依据.本研究选取典型石化工业城市——淄博市临淄区作为研究对象,系统开展表层样品采集及重金属分析测试;借助正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）和非负约束的因子分析（FA-NNC）两种受体模型解析土壤重金属的来源;构建基于最小/最大自相关因子（MAF）和序贯高斯模拟（SGS）的多元地统计模拟技术,确定了土壤重金属的潜在污染区域.研究结果表明：① As、Co、Cr和Mn主要为自然来源,主要受成土母质影响,高值区分布在研究区南部;②研究区内10种重金属中Hg污染程度最高,主要受来自于工业排放和煤炭燃烧为主的大气沉降影响,污染区域分布在研究区东北部;③ Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等元素受自然和人类活动综合影响,高值区主要集中在研究区中部;④ Cd和Hg的潜在污染区域最广,分别为580.80 km²和666.60 km²,约占研究区总面积的85.04%和97.59%,应当引起关注;其余元素的潜在污染区域面积相对较小,不足研究区总面积1%.     

酸性土壤环境石油烃生物降解效应

污染场地酸性土壤环境和生物修复土壤酸化,使得酸性土壤环境石油烃生物降解效应影响与有效调控成为污染土壤修复的重要内容.本文通过监测酸性和偏碱性土壤中微生物数量、活性以及石油烃含量变化,探讨酸性环境对除油微生物及烃降解效率的影响.通过投加富集菌液和生物载体,调控酸性土壤微生态环境,揭示微环境调控对于烃生物降解效应影响.研究结果表明,pH为5.4～5.7的酸性土壤,对土著除油微生物活性和数量具有显著抑制性,烃降解处于停滞状态.投加富集菌液未能有效地减弱酸性环境对除油微生物的强烈抑制作用.微生物数量在14d内从10⁶个/ g减至0,微生物FDA(FluoresceinDiacetate)活性很低,约0.10Abs/g .生物载体的投加,能有效改善介质界面微生态环境,明显减弱酸性环境的抑制效应,减缓除油微生物死亡速率.19d时土壤中降解微生物由原来的2×10⁶个/g下降到2.2×10²个/g ,第49d石油烃的生物降解率为13.02%.     

萘和菲在黄土上的吸附动力学

研究了萘和菲在天然黄土和阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土上的吸附动力学过程。结果表明,萘和菲在阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土上吸附速率比在天然黄土上的快,同时吸附数据都能很好的符合一级动力学方程;吸附速率与起始浓度、温度及黄土本身的性质有关;萘和菲的吸附速率常数k与温度T成负相关。吸附反应的活化能分别为:-6.196~-1.172kJ/mol和-28.86~-15.70kJ/mol;萘和菲在天然黄土和阳离子改性黄土上的吸附速率由膜扩散和孔扩散过程控制,实验数据可以用扩散动力学方程拟合。本研究为理解多环芳烃在土壤中的迁移规律提供了理论基础,同时有助于理解土壤环境中石油污染物的迁移。     

不同生态区土壤溶磷微生物的分布特征及影响因子

研究了盐渍区、重金属污染区和磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物的数量、组成及与部分土壤化学因子的关系。结果表明,溶磷微生物在不同生态区土壤中的分布各不相同,磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物数量和种群丰度普遍高于重金属污染区和盐渍区,但优势种属间数量差异不明显。重金属污染土壤中溶磷细菌比例较高,但种群单一,主要以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)为优势种,重金属污染区溶磷细菌比例与土壤重金属综合污染指数呈显著正相关(P<0.01),溶磷细菌丰度与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。盐渍土中溶磷细菌比例小,优势种群为巨大芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonassp.)和黄单胞杆菌属(Flavobacteriumsp.),其数量和种群丰度分别与有机质和有效磷含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。     

Element mobility and partitioning along a soil acidity gradient in central Ontario forests, Canada

The potential environmental risk posed by metals in forest soils is typically evaluated by modeling metal mobility using soil-solution partitioning coefficients (K(d)), although such information is generally restricted to a few well-studied metals. Soil-solution partitioning coefficients were determined for 17 mineral elements (Al, As, Be, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Rb, Sr, Tl, U and V) in A-horizon (0-5 cm) soil at 46 forested sites that border the Precambrian Shield in central Ontario, where soil pH(aq) varied from 3.9 to 8.1. Sites were dominated by mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) or white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Log K(d) values for all elements could be predicted by empirical linear regression with soil pH (r (2) = 0.17-0.77) independent of forest type, although this relationship was greatly affected by positive relationships between acid-extractable metal concentration and pH(aq) for 13 of the 17 elements. Elements that exhibited strong or moderate (r (2)> 0.29; p < 0.001) relationships with soil pH(aq) in soil water extracts include Al, Ba, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Rb, Tl, V (negative) and Ca (positive). Elemental partitioning in mineral soil was independent of forest type; tree species differed in their response to chemical differences in mineral soil. For example, Rb, Ba, and Sr concentrations in foliage of sugar maple and white birch significantly increased with increasing soil acidity, whereas Rb, Ba, and Sr concentrations in balsam fir and white pine foliage exhibited no response to soil pH(aq). While K(d) values can provide useful information on the potential mobility and bioavailability of mineral elements in forest soils, care must be used when interpreting the relative contribution of solid and aqueous phases to this relationship and the differing responses of vegetation in elemental cycling in forests must also be considered.     

Environmental Pollution Due to Natural Factors: A Case Study in A Volcanic Area (Vulcano Island, Italy)

A major influence on the environment of active volcanic areas is expected from continuous input of chemical species pertaining to fumarolic activities occurring during inter-eruptive intervals.

The systematic investigations carried out during thirteen years in the island of Vulcano (Italy) showed also substantial contributions to phreatic waters and soils of minor constituents and trace metals from volcanic rocks with no negligible influence on growing crops.

Greater extents of these phenomena have been observed for products of hydromagmatic volcanic activity or of long-lasting weathering processes.     

Geochemistry of trace elements in paddy (rice) soils of Sri Lanka – implications for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are a common health problem prevalent in the wet zone of Sri Lanka with a prevalence of >25 of the population. In comparison, in the dry zone of Sri Lanka IDD occurs in <10 of the population. Seventy soil samples from 14 villages selected on the basis of the incidence of goitre, were collected and analysed for 13 trace elements using ICP-MS. In order to identify any prevailing differences in antecedent chemical environments, soil samples from each pre-selected village were classified into three groups in terms of their geographical location. Among the elements investigated, the total soil concentrations of Rb, Sr, Ba, Mn and Co are lower in the wet zone of Kalutara. In contrast, total soil Rb, Sr, Ba and Mn contents are higher in the dry zone of Anuradhapura. Further soil total Mo and Nb levels are relatively similar in all pre-selected study locations. The high endemic goitre regions (IDD >25 of the population) show low levels of Rb, Sr, Ba, and Mn and higher levels of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb as compared with moderate and non-goitre areas. Factor analysis was used to exploit the correlation structure present in data and yielded three groups in all cases. This indicated that most transition group elements and iodine are associated with the Mn phase in the low IDD areas whereas iodine shows a high affinity for the organic phase in high IDD regions. The variable distribution of trace elements, therefore, must be due to differences in mobility and capacity for incorporation into the structure of secondary minerals or organic phases.