三峡库区紫色土坡耕地小流域磷收支估算及污染潜势

为了解三峡库区磷收支情况,进行污染潜势评价,对三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕区新政小流域进行调查分析. 结果表明,新政小流域单位面积磷输入量为139.82 kg/(hm2·a),输出量为 101.69 kg/(hm2·a).肥料磷输入是新政小流域磷输入的主要来源,占磷输入总量的72.26%;人畜排泄物磷是新政小流域磷的主要输出方式,占磷输出总量的56.01%;新政小流域磷损失负荷为18.26 kg/(hm2·a),人畜排泄物损失磷是磷损失的主要形式,占磷损失总量的46.75%;磷盈余负荷为38.13 kg/(hm2·a),高于全国平均值26.1 kg/(hm2·a).坡耕地磷污染潜势呈现,磷肥的过量施用是造成污染潜势的主要原因.      

污染天气条件下人工降雨对成渝西南区域环境空气质量的影响评估

基于成渝地区大气污染防控形势的严峻性,选取该区域西南部的乐山市作为研究对象,对2016—2020年人工降雨对该城市环境空气质量的影响进行研究。评估发现:冬季改善效果最好,平均每毫米降雨量可降低环境空气质量指数(AQI)约10,对应的SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度分别降低1.8 μg/m³、3.8 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、8.9 μg/m³;其次是春季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约8,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低1.0 μg/m³、3.3 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.1 μg/m³、8.4 μg/m³;再次是夏季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约3,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.6 μg/m³、1.6 μg/m³、0.03 mg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、1.2 μg/m³、2.0 μg/m³;秋季每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约1,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.4 μg/m³、0.6 μg/m³、0.01 mg/m³、3.5 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³。计算不同季节降雨总量与污染物削减量之间的Pearson相关系数,结果表明,春季人工降雨总量与O₃浓度削减总量呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季人工降雨总量与PM_2.5浓度削减总量呈显著正相关。     

矿区开发对环境的影响与评价方法

分析了矿区开发对环境的影响，在此基础上建立了评价矿区环境质量的分层次指标体系和模糊综合评价方法，并将矿区环境质量分为５个等级：清洁，较清洁，轻污染，中污染和重污染。通过利用模糊评价使复杂的定性问题定量化，更直观简单地掌握矿区环境的治理状态，并利用此方法对潞安矿区的环境质量进行了评价。     

Predicting the Spatial Distribution of a Seabird Community to Identify Priority Conservation Areas in the Timor Sea

Understanding spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of species is fundamental to the conservation of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. To support strategic decision making aimed at sustainable management of the oceans, such as the establishment of protected areas for marine wildlife, we identified areas predicted to support multispecies seabird aggregations in the Timor Sea. We developed species distribution models for 21 seabird species based on at‐sea survey observations from 2000–2013 and oceanographic variables (e.g., bathymetry). We applied 4 statistical modeling techniques and combined the results into an ensemble model with robust performance. The ensemble model predicted the probability of seabird occurrence in areas where few or no surveys had been conducted and demonstrated 3 areas of high seabird richness that varied little between seasons. These were located within 150 km of Adele Island, Ashmore Reef, and the Lacepede Islands, 3 of the largest aggregations of breeding seabirds in Australia. Although these breeding islands were foci for high species richness, model performance was greatest for 3 nonbreeding migratory species that would have been overlooked had regional monitoring been restricted to islands. Our results indicate many seabird hotspots in the Timor Sea occur outside existing reserves (e.g., Ashmore Reef Marine Reserve), where shipping, fisheries, and offshore development likely pose a threat to resident and migratory populations. Our results highlight the need to expand marine spatial planning efforts to ensure biodiversity assets are appropriately represented in marine reserves. Correspondingly, our results support the designation of at least 4 new important bird areas, for example, surrounding Adele Island and Ashmore Reef. Pronostico de la Distribución Espacial de una Comunidad de Aves Marinas para Identificar Áreas Prioritarias de Conservación en el Mar de Timor     

The Silent Mass Extinction of Insect Herbivores in Biodiversity Hotspots

Abstract: Habitat loss is silently leading numerous insects to extinction. Conservation efforts, however, have not been designed specifically to protect these organisms, despite their ecological and evolutionary significance. On the basis of species–host area equations, parameterized with data from the literature and interviews with botanical experts, I estimated the number of specialized plant‐feeding insects (i.e., monophages) that live in 34 biodiversity hotspots and the number committed to extinction because of habitat loss. I estimated that 795,971–1,602,423 monophagous insect species live in biodiversity hotspots on 150,371 endemic plant species, which is 5.3–10.6 monophages per plant species. I calculated that 213,830–547,500 monophagous species are committed to extinction in biodiversity hotspots because of reduction of the geographic range size of their endemic hosts. I provided rankings of biodiversity hotspots on the basis of estimated richness of monophagous insects and on estimated number of extinctions of monophagous species. Extinction rates were predicted to be higher in biodiversity hotspots located along strong environmental gradients and on archipelagos, where high spatial turnover of monophagous species along the geographic distribution of their endemic plants is likely. The results strongly support the overall strategy of selecting priority conservation areas worldwide primarily on the basis of richness of endemic plants. To face the global decline of insect herbivores, one must expand the coverage of the network of protected areas and improve the richness of native plants on private lands.     

Can area managers connect policy and tenants? Implementation and diffusion of a new waste management system in Linköping,Sweden

Recycling and reducing household waste are political goals internationally, nationally and locally. In Sweden, households in apartment buildings seem to sort their waste to a lesser extent than households in single-family houses. This paper analyses the challenges of the diffusion of a new waste management system in apartment buildings, and focuses on a municipal housing company and the actions of its area managers. It is argued that area managers can be regarded as street-level bureaucrats who act as ‘collectors’ of tenants’ everyday practices in the studied implementation process. The study is based on interviews, document analysis and observations.     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

上海港区船舶防污漆中Irgarol 1051的环境风险评价

Irgarol 1051是一种常用于船舶防污漆的杀生活性物质。为了评价船舶防污漆杀生活性物质Irgarol 1051的海洋环境风险,根据ISO 13073-1的评价原则和程序,对其进行环境危害评价、环境暴露评价和风险表征。通过对公共数据库的文献检索获取数据,从理化性质、环境行为、生态毒性3个方面评价Irgarol 1051的环境危害。采用评估因子法计算Irgarol 1051的预测无效应浓度(PNEC)。采用质量守恒法计算Irgarol 1051在海水中的释放率,通过MAMPEC v3.0模型推导上海洋山深水港的集装箱船区、码头、航道等暴露场景的预测环境浓度(PEC)。经过比较上述暴露场景的风险商值(PEC/PNEC)发现,港口的海水相风险商值大于1,Irgarol 1051的环境风险需要关注。     

综合危险性指数法在泰山区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

地质灾害易发区划分是进行地质灾害防治的基础工作。针对泰安市泰山区地质灾害分布特点,进行区内地质环境特征和危险性分析以及综合危险性指数(含潜在地质灾害强度指数和现状地质灾害强度指数)计算,对区内地质灾害易发程度进行定量评价,将泰山区划分成地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和不易发区等4个等级,为今后开展地质灾害防治提供依据。     

基于工效学的高海拔制氧装置制氧效果评价方法研究

目的研究不同制氧装置和供氧方式对装备人员工效的综合影响。方法从不同吸氧方式对高海拔地区装备人员生理、心理、体能和作业效率等方面的改善效果进行研究。结果吸氧后装备人员的血氧饱和度上升到12%左右、心率减缓10%,体力提高5%左右,工作效率提高13%左右。结论高海拔地区吸氧可以提高从总体上提高装备人员的作业能力,长时间持续低浓度吸氧比间隔式高浓度吸氧对人员的生理、体能和工作效率的改善效果更好。