高校环境专业实验教学存在的问题及对策

实验教学在高校环境专业教学工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过对高校环境专业实验教学的现状和所存在的问题进行分析,提出了优化实验教学内容、改进实验教学方法和考核方式等改进措施,以提高高校环境专业实验教学水平。     

An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley

The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however, on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit, type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability.     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

A Metamodeling Approach for Integrated Assessment of Air Quality Policies

A method is proposed to build integrated models (also called Metamodels) aimed at quantifying the economic efficiency of air quality policies. This Metamodeling approach is based on the coupling of two complementary models, that operate at different scales in space and time, and which represent the economic and the physical and chemical processes, respectively. The joint consideration of the physico-chemical and techno-economic structure of the pollution control problems permits a comprehensive evaluation of air pollution abatement strategies. The motivating pollution control problems include urban-regional air quality management through efficient energy and traffic control policies. A pilot study, exploiting data collected in the Geneva canton (Switzerland), is used to demonstrate the potential of the approach.     

燃煤电厂PM2.5超细颗粒物排放测试方法研究

分析了燃煤电厂PM_2.5超细颗粒物的排放特征,介绍了目前主要的PM_2.5超细颗粒物的排放测试方法。其中较为成熟的燃煤电厂PM_2.5排放测试方法主要是美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的201A,202法和国际标准化组织(ISO)发布的ISO 23210:2009法。近年来开发的稀释采样原理PM_2.5排放测试方法及ELPI法表现出良好的发展应用前景。最后结合我国燃煤电厂大气污染物减排经验提出了建议。     

The Subjective Rating Scales for Measurement of Mental Workload—Thurstonian Scaling

Subjective rating scales for measuring work demands and individual capabilities to cope with work requirements were developed using the Thurstonian procedure. The scales measure six dimensions of mental workload: mental difficulties, feeling of responsibility, awareness of risk, interpersonal conflicts, monotony, and time pressure. Individual scale results make it possible to assess the level of mental workload understood as a relation between the subjective rating of work demands and individual capabilities in each of the six dimensions. Two versions of scales were prepared: classic and modified ones. To assess the level of reliability of the particular scales, 481 participants were examined twice at a 1-month interval. A procedure to prepare scales for the measurement of other dimensions of mental workload is also presented.     

过硫酸盐氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的研究

介绍了过硫酸盐氧化作用的活化方法和机理,在此基础上设置了对比试验,分析了氢氧化钠和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果,探究了pH、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比及反应时间对硫酸亚铁/过硫酸钠体系去除多环芳烃的影响,并分析了反应产物的组分。结果表明:硫酸亚铁比氢氧化钠活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果好;在pH为酸性或中性、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比为1∶2.0、反应时间为5 d时,对多环芳烃的去除效果最佳。在控制反应条件的基础上,过渡金属离子活化过硫酸钠是修复多环芳烃污染土壤的可行方法之一。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫设施脱硫效率计算方法的探讨

为准确评估燃煤电厂脱硫设施在实际运用中的脱硫效率,根据目前脱硫效率的三种计算方法在实际运用中的问题,并应用燃煤电厂的实测数据,对比了三种方法计算得出脱硫效率的相对误差。结果表明：根据折算浓度评估脱硫效率,综合考虑了烟气泄漏对计算脱硫效率的影响,并且不受烟气旁路排放等因素影响,理论上和实践中都可以得到准确的脱硫效率。     

进料负荷调控培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器,以进料负荷（即进水浓度）作为主要控制参数,研究了好氧颗粒污泥的关键培养技术.结果表明,在30 min的较长污泥沉降时间下,通过进料COD 0～900 mg·L^-1的负荷调控,可以有效控制反应器内污泥生长.初始接种污泥的沉降性能对颗粒污泥产生很重要,SVI值保持在20～50 mg·L^-1才能有助于颗粒污泥形成和培养.应用“空曝”这种强力负荷调控方式可大大改善污泥沉降性能,并促进颗粒污泥的形成.通过进料减负荷运行可很好实现污泥的“完全颗粒化”培养.颗粒化转变出现在进料浓度COD 400～500 mg·L^-1,污泥浓度约8～10 g·L^-1.“完全颗粒化”污泥的性能优异,粒径约1.0 mm,SVI值25～35 mg·L^-1,最大沉降速率60 m·h^-1.污泥颗粒过程的发生可能决定于SBR的独特间歇式运行,即基质浓度的贫富交替,减负荷运行可强化基质贫富交替并增大颗粒化过程的驱动力.     

Neutron activation method in the analysis of environmental objects

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