用味精生产废水培养好氧颗粒污泥

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用味精生产废水进行培养,在SBR中以逐渐降低污泥沉淀时间的方法成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥。实验结果表明：污泥接种65 d后,出现细小的好氧颗粒污泥,呈黄褐色,95 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径达0.6 mm左右,且周围存在大量原生动物;运行95 d后MLSS提高至8.00 g/L,SVI降至30.00 mL/g左右;成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥对味精生产废水中的COD和NH₃-N具有良好的去除效果,出水COD和ρ（NH₃-N）分别为80 mg/L和2 mg/L左右。     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

Phosphorus use-efficiency of agriculture and food system in the US

The rapid increase in human mobilization of phosphorus has raised concerns on both its supply security and its impact on the environment. Increasing the efficiency of phosphorus use is an approach to mitigate the adverse impacts associated with phosphorus consumption. This study estimates the life-cycle phosphorus use-efficiency of the US food system. A framework for accounting phosphorus stocks and flows is developed, and the account was populated with data. A map of phosphorus stocks and flows around the US food system is drawn and phosphorus use-efficiency was calculated. The results show that only 15% of the total phosphorus extracted from nature for the provision of food is eventually ingested by humans and the rest is lost to the environment. Major losses occur during the livestock, meat and dairy production and crop cultivation stage, where about 66% of the total phosphorus extracted is lost to the environment. The results also show that other losses of phosphorus including household food waste, mining waste, and fertilizer manufacturing waste are not negligible, which constitute about 19% of the total phosphorus extracted for food purpose. A data quality assessment and sensitivity analysis was performed to identify data quality hotspots and to envisage effective measures to improving phosphorus use-efficiency. Improving yields of livestock and crop cultivation without additional phosphorus input and reducing household food waste are shown to be effective measures to improve life-cycle phosphorus use-efficiency. The results highlight the need of a concerted effort by all entities along the life-cycle for efficient use of phosphorus.     

退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水调控能力的影响

利用实测资料统计了鄱阳湖近50年来湖盆形态和洪水水情的变化,表明由于围垦的作用,1954~1992年鄱阳湖面积共减小1 300 km2,容积共减少81×108 m3,调节系数从17.3%下降到13.7%,调洪能力降低20.8%;20世纪90年代与50年代相比,年最高水位平均值抬高1.80 m。计算了退田还湖对近50年来两次特大洪水（1954年洪水和1998年洪水）最高水位的效应值,表明分别可使1954年洪水和1998年洪水的最高水位降低0.72 m和0.68 m。估算了退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水位频率的影响,表明50年一遇和100年一遇的洪水位分别可降低0.63 m和0.68 m。计算还表明,高水还湖（单退）降低洪水位的作用与圩区还湖前夕的内涝程度密切相关,说明及时排除圩区的内涝对保障退田还湖的防洪减灾作用至关重要。分析了退田还湖面临的主要问题,分别是高水还湖圩区的内涝问题和平垸行洪（双退）圩区的血防问题;探讨解决这两个问题的具体对策,分别为单退圩堤采用“限高加固,排空待蓄”的运作方式,双退圩堤采用“敞开进洪,兼顾血防”的运用方式。     

Shifting cultivation in peatlands

Transboundary haze pollution from smoke from land preparation fires has become a perennial problem in Indonesia, especially in the last 10 years during the dry season. Most of that smoke originates from illegal land preparation fires for oil palm and industrial forest plantation as well as from shifting cultivation, which is usually blamed for the smoke. In order to understand the role of fire in shifting cultivation areas dominated by peat soils, research was conducted during the dry season of 2001 on land belonging to the community of Pelalawan village, Pelalawan district, Riau province, Indonesia. The research showed that burning did not affect all peat areas equally. No peat was burned on a fibric site, while burning on a hemic site varied in depth from 6.0 cm to 12.6 cm, and on a sapric site from 15.4 cm to 31.9 cm. Further, on the fibric site only phosphorus increased significantly following burning, while on the hemic only the base saturation increased; on the sapric site, however, both base saturation and phosphorus increased compared to the condition before burning. These data show that if fire is continues to be used for land preparation in peat areas, peat becomes critically endangered.     

四湖地区猕猴桃高效栽培模式与关键技术

针对地处四湖腹地的湖北省监利县果树资源利用率低及涝洼湿地的地理环境和生态条件 ,提出加快果树资源品种结构的调整 ,监北地势稍高 ,排灌方便的地方大力发展以猕猴桃为主的产业 ,同时利用架面下的行间土地套种蔬菜、瓜类作物、草莓、食用菌以及耐荫湿的中草药植物等立体生态农业的栽培模式 ,达到经济效益和生态效益的同步增长 ,与其相配套的栽培关键技术是采用地下通气排灌暗沟设施 ,重施有机质肥加磷肥 ;高畦壮苗定植 ;巧施追肥 ;适时排灌 ;树盘覆草保墒 ;人工辅助授粉和疏花疏果     

白腐真菌对染料脱色及降解过程机理和影响因素

许多白腐真菌对染料具有广谱的脱色和降解能力 ,其脱色及降解作用可能主要是由于其在次生代谢阶段产生的木质素过氧化酶LiPs和锰过氧化酶MnPs所致。培养条件对白腐真菌脱色及降解活性有较大的影响 ,在培养基中加入藜芦醇和二价锰等能够显著提高木质素过氧化酶的产生 ;富氮培养基会抑制LiPs的生成 ;硫脲、叠氮化物、氰化物等均能明显地抑制白腐真菌的脱色及降解活性 ;缓冲液的选择对维持稳定的 pH值和菌丝的形态有一定作用 ,从而影响其脱色效果 ;富氧环境是一切白腐真菌对染料进行脱色和降解的必要条件 ;适度的搅拌混合有利于反应时的物质之间传递 ;一般地 ,在培养时间达到 3天以后白腐真菌才能达到较高的脱色与降解活性。染料分子大小和结构及其基团的位置对脱色及降解效果有明显影响。使用特殊填料极大地提高处理系统中的生物量以克服真菌生长速度相对较慢、提高处理能力是该技术今后的研究重点。     

加大云南省环评市场培育力度以促进环评行业良性发展的建议

“十二五”期间云南省经济发展战略对环评行业提出了更高的要求,但云南省环评从业人员较少、环评机构内部体系建设不完善、环评市场运行机制体制不健全等现状严重地制约了环评行业的良性发展。为了更好地发挥环评对经济良性发展的“杀手锏”、“控制阀”、“调节器”作用,必须采取系统的解决方案,加大市场培育力度,理顺环评市场中各利益方关系,建立健全环评市场监督机制,有效提高环评质量,确保环评有效性和公正性,提升环评应对特定时期社会发展迫切需求的及时性和相应力度。     

杞麓湖南岸农业生产分析及最佳农业生产模式选择

通过调查,对杞麓湖南岸的农业结构、化肥使用量和农业生产经济进行分析,针对杞麓湖南岸区蔬菜种植属于典型的"高投入、高产出",但产投比相对较低的农业生产模式,提出杞麓湖南岸农业生产模式优化方案,为杞麓湖面源污染的治理提供依据。     

不同封育年限荒漠草原土壤呼吸日、季动态变化及其影响因子

围封禁牧措施可以改善退化草地生态环境,是我国退化草地植被恢复的主要措施.为探讨干旱区荒漠草原不同围封禁牧年限的土壤呼吸作用特征及影响因子,在生长季连续观测围封禁牧11 a、7 a、放牧不封育(CK)荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率及环境因子,结果表明:1在日、季尺度上,封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的单峰曲线变化规律,在日尺度上,最大、最小值分别出现在12:00~16:00和00:00~06:00;在季节变化尺度上,最大值出现在降水较多温度适宜的8月,土壤呼吸均值表现为11 a[0.143 g·(m2·h)-1]7 a[0.138 g·(m2·h)-1]CK[0.106 g·(m2·h)-1].2封育与未封育荒漠草原的土壤呼吸速率与空气、土壤温度均呈极显著的指数关系(P0.001),相关性大小为:地表温度(R2:0.408~0.413)空气温度(R2:0.355~0.376)5~20 cm土壤温度(R2:0.263~0.394);温度敏感性系数Q10随着土层的加深逐渐变大,不同封育年限Q10表现为11 a(2.728)7 a(2.436)CK(2.086).3封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与空气湿度、土壤含水量一元二次模型达到显著水平(P0.05),与空气二氧化碳呈极显著线性负相关(P0.01),与风速呈显著线性正相关(P0.05),与光照强度呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01).4干旱区荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用随着围封禁牧年限的增加而增加,温度敏感性系数亦随之增加,0~20 cm土壤温度和水分是其土壤呼吸的主要影响因子.