基于天气分型的上甸子大气本底站臭氧污染气象条件

对流层臭氧作为典型二次污染物已成为北京春夏季首要污染物,气象因素是影响其浓度变化的主要因子之一.本研究基于2008~2017年大气成分和气象观测数据,利用Lamb-Jenkinson天气分型法结合Mann-Whitney U检验方法将影响北京地区天气型分为6类,其中SWW和C型上甸子臭氧浓度均值和极值分别最高,在4~9月出现频率最高,合计出现47.4%,并通过多元逐步回归方程确定两种型的主要贡献权重.SWW和C型下54%盛行西南风,新排放的污染物和二次老化气团经西南气流持续输送,850 hPa附近出现垂直速度零层,水平和垂直气象条件均有利于臭氧的输送、生成和聚积;AN和ESN型下64.7%盛行东北风或北风,气团来源清洁,1000 hPa以上盛行一致的下沉运动和气流辐散,新排放的污染物也能很快被稀释扩散,臭氧浓度处于较低值.以NW型2015年5月3日为例,虽然地面盛行西北气流,来源清洁,但大气通过垂直下沉运动将边界层以上的高浓度残留臭氧向近地面输送,导致某些天数中出现臭氧浓度高值.     

从生态文明视角谈文化产业园区发展路径创新

概述了我国文化产业在发展过程中出现的诸如文化国际贸易污染转移、资源成本透支以及生态结构不合理等问题,根据生态和文化天生具有亲近性和共同特征,建议通过树立“生态消费”观念、进行结构调整等对策实现文化产业与生态文明的有机结合.     

红色旅游传承红色记忆的理论逻辑与动态过程

红色旅游在传承红色记忆方面发挥着重要作用,但对红色旅游为什么能够传承红色记忆,以及红色旅游传承红色记忆的具体过程等基础问题尚缺乏深入的理论探讨。以文化记忆理论和互动仪式链理论为依据,论证了红色记忆作为文化记忆、红色旅游作为仪式的理论合理性,明确了红色记忆传承的基本规律,提出了红色旅游传承红色记忆的理论逻辑和动态过程模型,并进一步讨论了红色旅游作为一种仪式在传承红色记忆方面的独特价值、作用边界、融合发展和实践路径等问题。研究结论有助于红色旅游理论研究者从更普适性的视角和更深的理论层次认识红色旅游与红色记忆之间的关系,为实践领域更好地开展红色旅游工作提供了基础理论支持。     

Transvalued Species in an African Forest

Abstract: We combined ethnographic investigations with repeated ecological transect surveys in the Dzanga‐Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic, to elucidate consequences of intensifying mixed use of forests. We devised a framework for transvaluation of wildlife species, which means the valuing of species on the basis of their ecological, economic, and symbolic roles in human lives. We measured responses to hunting, tourism, and conservation of two transvalued species in RDS: elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Our methods included collecting data on encounter rates and habitat use on line transects. We recorded cross‐cultural variation in ideas about and interactions with these species during participant observation of hunting and tourism encounters and ethnographic interviews with hunters, conservation staff, researchers, and tourists. Ecologically, gorillas used human‐modified landscapes successfully, and elephants were more vulnerable than gorillas to hunting. Economically, tourism and encounters with elephants and gorillas generated revenues and other benefits for local participants. Symbolically, transvaluation of species seemed to undergird competing institutions of forest management that could prove unsustainable. Nevertheless, transvaluation may also offer alternatives to existing social hierarchies, thereby integrating local and transnational support for conservation measures. The study of transvaluation requires attention to transnational flows of ideas and resources because they influence transspecies interactions. Cross‐disciplinary in nature, transvalution of species addresses the political and economic challenges to conservation because it recognizes the varied human communities that shape the survival of wildlife in a given site. Transvaluation of species could foster more socially inclusive management and monitoring approaches attuned to competing economic demands, specific species behaviors, and human practices at local scales.     

Did you say reference conditions? Ecological and socio-economic perspectives on the European Water Framework Directive

Reference conditions are a key concept in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD stipulates that the ecological status of a given water body shall be assessed by quantifying the deviation from a set of reference conditions that represent the stable state of an ecosystem in the absence of significant human disturbance. This concept is subject to criticism from several authors, particularly because underlying ecological concepts are weak and the distinction between natural variability and the effects of anthropogenic activities on ecosystem function will become increasingly artificial. In this paper, a sociologist and an aquatic ecologist examine the origin, successes and limits of the reference conditions concept and raise important questions about applying this concept in practice. We argue that this concept fitted specific needs from different institutions and stakeholders which promoted the WFD. Monitoring practices using this concept require some adaptations. Setting goals for restoration based on reference conditions is more problematic. A more adaptive management approach would be wiser.     

高效絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件

从活性污泥中分离出36株菌株,培养、筛选得到具有絮凝活性的菌株9株,其中有一株絮凝活性较高,命名为B-8,同时考察了培养时间、温度、pH和碳源对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,培养时间72h,最佳温度为37℃,pH为7.0,葡萄糖为最佳碳源时,该微生物所产生的絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好,絮凝率可达95.75%。     

一株降解苄嘧磺隆光合细菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从农药厂工业废水和污泥中富集分离到一株能降解苄嘧磺隆(Bensulfuron methyl)的光合细菌PSB07-6,根据分离菌株的细胞形态结构、活细胞光吸收特征、生理生化特征以及系统发育分析将该菌初步鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris).高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定该菌降解光合细菌培养基中苄嘧磺隆的能力,在pH为6.5的光合细菌培养基中培养5 d,对350 mg·L-1苄嘧磺隆降解率达25.03%.添加回收率为105%～112%.降解特性研究结果表明,该菌能以苄嘧磺隆为唯一碳源和氮源,降解最佳条件为30℃、pH6.5.     

咪唑烟酸高效降解菌的降解特性

从长期使用咪唑烟酸的非耕地土壤中,分离出两株高效降解菌ZJX-5和ZJX-9,经鉴定,分别为荧光假单胞菌Ⅱ型(pseudomonas fluorescenes biotypeⅡ)和腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).当咪唑烟酸的原始浓度为100mg/L,两株降解菌在2d内对其降解率均达70%以上.研究了单一菌株和混合菌株对咪唑烟酸的降解能力,结果表明,混合菌的降解能力明显优于单一菌株,尤其在咪唑烟酸浓度较高时,混合菌在降解率及耐性方面均比单一菌株明显提高.此外,外界环境条件对降解菌的活性也有显著的影响,当温度在30℃左右,反应液的pH值及降解菌的生物量越高,咪唑烟酸的原始浓度在低于适宜降解最高浓度(200mg/L)的情况下,降解菌的活性较强,对咪唑烟酸的降解较快.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

从实验室好氧池活性污泥中分离出高效絮凝剂产生菌株Aspergillus M-25,经初步鉴定为曲霉属.通过设计正交实验找出其最大影响因素及最佳条件.实验结果表明,该菌株在查氏培养基培养,初始pH值为5.0,转速为140 r/min和水浴温度为25 ℃的条件下能产生高效絮凝剂,对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达到97.15%.      

长江三角洲冬季一次低能见度过程的地区差异和气象条件

采用NCEP再分析资料、MICAPS地面、高空气象资料以及国家环保部空气质量监测资料,对2014年2月20~22日长江三角洲地区一次低能见度过程地区差异和气象条件进行了分析.天气形势分析表明,长三角地面处在高压的控制下,地面风速较小,使污染物积累,有利于低能见度(雾-霾)的形成和维持.根据不同区域的雾、霾分布和日变化特征,将长江三角洲地区分为3个子区域:I区为江苏大部(雾霾混合型),II区为上海及其周边(霾类型),III区为浙江大部(雾类型),该区域白天能见度较高,夜间能见度较低的特征是由湿度因子造成的.影响I区能见度变化的主要原因是:热力原因:大气对流层低层的层结稳定;湿度原因为:空气较湿润,气溶胶粒子吸湿性增长;动力原因主要是垂直方向和水平方向的大气扩散能力弱;污染因子对能见度变化的影响较小.影响II区能见度变化的主要原因是PM2.5浓度高导致的污染,热力因子、湿度因子和动力因子对能见度的变化影响很小.影响III区能见度变化的热力原因是:大气对流层低层层结稳定、近地面存在逆温;湿度原因是因为:空气较湿润,气溶胶粒子吸湿性增长;动力原因是因为边界层高度较低导致的垂直扩散能力较差.各个区域的气象因子解释方差的计算结果表明:I区湿度因子和动力因子对能见度的影响更大,III区.湿度因子对能见度的影响更大.