重庆臭氧时空分布特征及其污染成因的初步分析

近年,臭氧(O₃)正逐渐取代PM_2.5成为中国首要大气污染物.因此,研究O₃的时空分布特征及污染成因对于空气污染治理与管控具有重要价值.重庆复杂的地形造成该地区O₃的污染成因具有很大的不确定性.采用2013—2020年重庆市主城区环境监测站O₃、PM_2.5、NO₂逐小时监测数据和国家气象站观测资料,分析了O₃的时空分布特征,并探究其与复杂地形、前体物、气象要素及PM_2.5的关系.结果表明:①2013—2020年臭氧日最大8 h平均浓度的第90百分位值年际变化总体呈现先减后增的趋势.发生臭氧污染月份数量增加,臭氧污染开始月份从6月提前到4月.②2019年重庆臭氧中度和重度(中重度)污染天数最多,为6 d.2013—2015年中重度污染频率由1.09%减少至0.27%,到2019年增加至1.64%,2020年降至0.81%.③重庆中重度污染期间,O₃的空间分布受山谷风环流与城市热岛效应的共同影响.白天城区站点O₃浓度高于山区站点O₃浓度,夜间山区站点O₃浓度高于城区站点O₃浓度.④城区站点的O₃与NO₂浓度呈现显著负相关,山区站点O₃与NO₂浓度的相关系数为负值,但相关性不显著.⑤重庆大部分O₃中重度污染由局地污染主导,在非高温或者高湿的情况下同样可能发生臭氧中重度污染.臭氧中重度污染发生时,风向多为西-北风.O₃浓度与气温和风速呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关.⑥重庆O₃-PM_2.5相关性城区与山区表现不一致,城区南坪站O₃-PM_2.5在暖季呈正相关关系,冷季相关性有正有负,山区缙云山站O₃-PM_2.5在暖季和冷季都呈正相关关系.     

混凝-微滤膜组合净水工艺中膜过滤特性及其影响因素

采用混凝-微滤膜组合工艺处理微污染原水,间歇抽吸的运行方式连续运行,考察了膜组件的抽吸时间,抽/停时间比和曝气量对膜过滤性能的影响.采用膜通透性J/p作为膜过滤性能的评价指标.结果表明,在各操作条件下,膜通透性J/p由于膜污染的发生均先快速降低,随后随时间缓慢下降.但J/p的初期下降速度和缓慢下降阶段的相对稳定值因操作条件的不同而不同.抽吸时间对膜通透性影响较大,其次为抽/停时间比.在一定的条件下,抽吸时间缩短1/2,产水率可提高2倍;抽/停时间比缩短,产水率可提高50%.当抽吸时间和抽/停时间比分别为15min和3.8时,J/p值较高.曝气量在一定范围内的增加有利于提高膜通透性.本试验中,曝气量由2m³/h增加至4m³/h时,膜通透性可提高约15%,但当曝气量增加到6m3/h时,膜通透性并无显著改善.膜面污染物分析表明,在本研究使用的原水条件下,Si和Ca是主要的无机污染元素.     

气水喷嘴雾化特性实验研究

为研究不同类型气水喷嘴的雾化效果及气体流量和水流量对雾化效果的影响,基于实验室自行设计的气水喷雾实验系统,利用JL-3000型激光粒度分析仪及电磁流量计和转子流量计对气水喷嘴流量特性及最佳工况条件进行了实验研究。采用origin软件对数据进行分析得到雾化粒径及雾滴相对尺寸ΔS随气体流量及水流量的变化曲线,并以此衡量喷嘴的雾化效果。利用喷雾学、流体力学及多相流等理论对实验现象进行分析并得到喷嘴的最佳工况条件。实验结果表明:当水流量一定时,随着气体流量的增加,雾滴粒径减小速度由快变慢。当气体流量为80 L/min时,水流量为5 L/h即气液比为960时干雾喷嘴雾化效果最好,扇形喷嘴和锥形喷嘴气水流量分别为100 L/min,5 L/h和140 L/min,5 L/h,即气液比分别为1 200和1 680时其雾化效果最好。通过对比最佳雾化效果发现干雾喷嘴的雾滴粒径及雾滴相对尺寸最小,可以达到更好的雾化效果和经济效益。     

具脂肪酶和酯酶活性酵母菌的选育和酶学性质初步研究

从济南市区得到的含油土壤中筛选得到一株酵母Ｓ９ 菌株,它可以同时产生较高酶活的脂肪酶和酯酶．对影响Ｓ９ 产脂肪酶和酯酶的各种因素进行了研究,确定２ ％ 的黄豆粉为最佳氮源,１ ％ 的可溶性淀粉为最佳碳源,最适的初始培养ｐＨ和温度分别为ｐＨ６ ．５ 和２８℃,另外不同的表面活性剂对产酶也有不同的影响．对Ｓ９脂肪酶和酯酶的各种酶学性质进行的研究表明,脂肪酶和酯酶的最适作用温度都为３０℃,最适作用ｐＨ 分别为７ ．０ 和８．０,两者都属于常温酶,在３０℃～４０ ℃范围内比较稳定,前者在中性偏碱的ｐＨ 环境中比较稳定,后者属于碱性酶,在ｐＨ７ ．５～１０ ．５ 范围内相当稳定．     

Sediment-based investigation of naturally or historically eutrophic lakes -- implications for lake management

Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive will call for new lake monitoring and management strategies. Therefore, different methods need to be tested in order to achieve reliable assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. Sediment-based techniques provide one such tool for lake management. In this work, 10 lakes, presumed to be naturally eutrophic, were investigated with a paleolimnological short core study. The aim of the study was to examine the composition of the diatom assemblages in their natural state, estimate their change over time and assess the background nutrient levels. One sediment profile from each lake was divided into six sub-samples that were analyzed for diatoms (60 samples). Diatom-based inference models were applied to reconstruct the past total phosphorus concentration and assess the eutrophication. The results indicated that all the lakes studied had already been nutrient-rich before the impact of modern agriculture. However, diatom assemblages have changed remarkably over time and total phosphorus concentrations have generally increased, so at present only two of the study lakes are close to their natural status. This suggests that naturally eutrophic lakes will probably require management actions to fulfill the new directive requirements in the future.     

加强文化素质教育培养高质量优秀人才

文化素质教育是整个素质教育的基础.加强文化素质教育是时代发展的要求,教育改革的需要,大学生全面发展和健康成长的举措.要转变观念,加强领导,采取措施,拓宽途径,把文化素质教育贯穿于大学教育的全过程.文化素质教育的目标是促进大学生实现由“三无“到“三懂“的转变,提高人才的综合素质.     

原子吸收光谱法测定污水中铅的最佳操作条件研究

主要研究了测定波长、工作电流、燃烧器高度、光谱通带、燃气与助燃气流量等操作条件对测定工业污水中铅含量的影响 ,确定了最佳的测试条件。     

Chemical composition and quantitative relationship between meteorological condition and fine particles in Beijing

The recent year‘s monitor results of Beijing indicated that the pollution level of fine particles PM2.5 showed an increasing trend. To understand pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and its relationship with the meteorological conditions in Beijing, a one-year monitoring of PM2.5 mass concentration and correspondent meteorological parameters was performed in Beijing in 2001. The PM2.5 levels in Beijing were very high, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2001 was 7 times of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards proposed by US EPA. The major chemical compositions were organics, sulfate, crustals and nitrate. It was found that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were influenced by meteorological conditions. The correlation between the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and the relative humidity was found. And the correlation became closer at higher relative humidity. And the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were negtive-correlated to wind speeds, but the correlation between the mass concentration of PM2.5 and wind speed was not good at stronger wind.     

pH对过一硫酸氢盐湿法氧化去除甲硫醇恶臭气体的影响

以过一硫酸氢盐(PMS)作为氧化剂,利用化学吸收氧化法去除甲硫醇(CH3SH)恶臭气体.研究了p H(2~13)对CH3SH吸收过程、PMS氧化降解CH3SH过程的影响.结果表明,PMS不同于H2O2,在p H小于CH3SH p Ka(10.3)的弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下,也可以有效去除CH3SH,而此时H2O2对CH3SH没有去除效果.可能的原因是,在弱碱性条件(p H=8~10)下PMS或可能产生的活性物种在气液相界面直接快速氧化CH3SH分子.     

文化生态保护区理论溯源与研究述评

在分析文化生态保护区理论来源的基础上,综述了文化生态保护区理论和实践研究现状.结果发现,国内外对文化生态保护区的理论研究主要是建立文化生态学的概念体系,实践研究主要是通过建立"生态博物馆"进行文化生态保护.我国在文化生态保护区的理论探讨和实际建设方面与国外有着较大差距,还处于起步阶段,需要从基础理论、现有经验总结、非物质文化遗产保护、资源开发利用等方面做进一步的研究.