几种纯培养外生菌根真菌对矿物油的降解效果

用紫外分光光度法对4种外生菌根真菌降解矿物油的能力进行了研究.结果表明,这4种外生菌根真菌都具有降解矿物油的能力.但在不同的培养基中其生物量和降解矿物油的能力显著不同,以有机氮作为氮源及提供少量葡萄糖作为启动碳源将大大提高其生物量及矿物油降解率.结果为应用菌根技术修复矿物油污染土壤及优化降解条件提供了依据.     

江苏如东滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物中重金属来源分析及其潜在生物毒性

通过2010年对江苏如东滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量的调查分析,应用地质累积指数(index of geo-accumulation,Igeo)对各重金元素的污染状况进行了评价,结果表明重金属污染可分为3类:Cu、Cd、Hg为无污染;Pb、As为中～无污染;Zn为中度污染,重金属污染程度顺序为Zn>As>Pb>Cd>Cu>Hg.根据沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline,SQG),表层沉积物中Cd、As的含量在各采样站位分别表现为无潜在生物毒性效应,偶尔有潜在生物毒性效应,Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg的含量则在部分采样站位偶尔有潜在生物毒性效应,其中仅有Zn在部分采样站位有频繁发生的潜在生物毒性效应.毒性单位评价(toxic unit,TU)结果表明,仅有1个采样站位具有明显的急性毒性,其余站位无急性生物毒性效应.主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)的结果表明,前2个主成分的贡献率分别为37.56%、33.71%,揭示了重金属污染主要有2个来源:工业点源排污和交通航运污染源.     

泸沽湖流域可持续发展规划中的搬迁措施

近年来,随旅游业的高速发展,湖滨出现的大量接待设施和旅游活动等给泸沽湖水环境及摩梭文化带来了威胁。提出了用搬迁措施解决泸沽湖面临的环境与资源问题的思路、区划方式和主要步骤;在实地调查的基础上计算了搬迁的工程量和投资,认为搬迁的功能是调整泸沽湖流域的经济发展和生态格局,并着重指出泸沽湖接待设施搬迁的特色在于充分考虑对摩梭社群生活方式的尊重和保护。     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 2² full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels and different initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coefficient of determination value (R² > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory effect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 22 full factorial design with the two substrates at two di erent levels and di erent initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coe cient of determination value (R2 > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory e ect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.     

O3预处理耦合微生物降解修复PAHs污染土壤

通过室内批次试验,研究了O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术对北京某焦化厂PAHs(多环芳烃)污染土壤的修复效果. 结果表明:在ρ(O₃)为0.79、1.74、4.50 mg/L时,5 min内土壤PAHs迅速降解,去除率分别为11.01%、32.48%、34.65%,但随着降解时间的延长,土壤中PAHs降解逐渐放缓,60 min后土壤PAHs去除率分别为39.58%、52.84%、53.79%,土壤微生物菌落数量由原土的3.07×108 CFU/g分别降至1.73×106、1.02×105、1.49×103 CFU/g. 经ρ(O₃)为1.74 mg/L预处理5、10 min,添加LB培养基分别耦合1周微生物降解后,土壤PAHs去除率达68.93%、63.32%,相比单一微生物降解分别提高35.34%、24.33%. 经ρ(O₃)为1.74 mg/L预处理5 min,同时添加皂角苷及LB培养基优化降解4周后,土壤PAHs去除率为93.26%,相比仅添加LB培养基优化培养4周提高了7.00%. 研究发现,O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术中ρ(O₃)最佳值为1.74 mg/L、最佳预处理时间为5 min,并且O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术降解土壤中PAHs的效率优于单一O₃化处理或微生物降解处理.      

ABR发酵产氢系统的控制运行及产氢效能

以稀释糖蜜为原料,通过分阶段提高进水COD的方法,考察了四格式、总有效容积为28.75L厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的发酵产氢效能和运行特性.结果表明,以好氧和厌氧活性污泥的混合物接种,在水力停留时间(HRT)24h、进水pH为5.3～6.8和35℃等条件下,进水COD从500mg.L-1逐渐提高到6000mg.L-1左右,ABR可在63d内培育出具有产甲烷功能的微生物群落体系,并达到稳定运行状态.此时,4个格室中的液相末端产物以乙酸和丁酸为主,均呈现丁酸型发酵特征,系统的COD平均去除率为37.6%,平均产氢量为3.2L.d-1,去除单位COD的比产氢率平均为45.29L.kg-1(以COD计).随着进水COD的提高,ABR及各格室的运行特征也随之发生变化,在进水COD提高到8000mg.L-1并达到运行稳定状态时,后3个格室中仍有产甲烷活性的残留;前3个格室表现为乙醇型发酵,而最后1个格室的丁酸型发酵特征则得到加强;系统对COD的平均去除率降低为15.4%,平均产氢量和去除单位COD的产氢能力分别提高到12.85L.d-1和360.22L.kg-1(以COD计);由于诸如产甲烷菌和同型产乙酸菌的耗氢活性未被有效抑制,ABR的产氢效能受到了严重影响,虽然总产气速率和活性污泥的比产气率分别达到了61.54L.d-1和232L.kg-.1d-1(以MLVSS计),但总产氢速率和活性污泥的比产氢率分别仅为12.85L.d-1和48L.kg-1.d-1(以MLVSS计).     

我国季风区5 ka BP气候事件

5.0 ka BP前后全球普遍经历了一次快速的降温事件,对世界范围内很多地区的环境产生了显著影响。本文利用公开发表的有高精度年代控制的、高分辨率石笋和湖沼沉积记录,系统回顾了5 ka BP气候事件在我国不同地区的降雨表现。这次气候事件在我国季风区不同区域都有记录,其中在季风区北方和青藏高原地区记录的最为清楚,体现为显著的干旱。事件起始于5.6—5.5 ka BP,在5.0 ka BP左右达到峰值,其后快速回升。5 ka BP气候事件对我国新石器文化的发展产生了重要影响。太阳辐射减少导致的赤道辐合带南移和大西洋经向翻转环流减弱导致的亚洲夏季风减弱可能驱动了此次气候事件。然而,不同地区、特别是南方地区的不同记录在此次事件的表现形式和开始时间有所差异。云南和湖北的泥炭记录显示此次事件为突变事件,发生于4.7—4.9 ka BP,不同于其他地质记录的渐变状态。未来还需加强在南方地区,特别是华东地区重建涵盖5 ka BP气候事件的有绝对定年的高分辨率可靠降雨记录。进一步厘清这些记录的差异是由于不同气候代用指标和记录分辨率的不同以及测年误差导致的,还是对气候事件的响应存在着区域差异。     

水库网箱养鱼富营养化生态修复模式研究——以青狮潭水库为例

为有效控制青狮潭水库富营养化的发展,确保库区及饮用水源保护区水质达标,结合库区水质现状及网箱养鱼对富营养化成因分析,本文提出青狮潭水库网箱养鱼富营养化生态修复模式。根据青狮潭水库水环境容量及水域的地理特点,对库区水域进行分类管理,划分网箱养鱼禁止区和控制区,并对出现富营养化的水域进行水生生态修复,为青狮潭水库水环境管理和决策提供科学依据。     

西部生态旅游模式的市场研究

西部地区具有丰富的生态旅游资源，中国名山资源的23％都集中在西部地区，西部少数民族文化旅游资源也极为丰富。我国正在西部实施可持续战略，发展生态旅游模式正顺应了这一战略。作者对在西部建立生态旅游的要素市场、国内外游客市场、资金市场进行了考察研究，并结合西部大开发战赂，论证了生态旅游在西部的市场可行性。