Methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters in rice–fish systems in Bangladesh

Lowland rice fields constitute a semi aquatic environment, which is potentially suitable for fish production. Little is known about the effect of fish on greenhouse gas emissions from integrated rice–fish systems. An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the effect of the stocking of fish on methane emissions from rice fields. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were stocked in a mixed culture and subjected to three different input regimes: (1) urea fertilization according to the recommendation of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), (2) supplementary feeding at 2 × maintenance level and (3) an elevated feeding schedule where 4 × maintenance level was fed initially and 2 × maintenance level towards the end of the growth period. Rice only with urea fertilization according to BRRI-recommendation was included as the control. The presence of fish increased methane emissions in all three rice–fish treatments. Average emission over the cropping season was 34, 37, and 32 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the rice–fish treatments, respectively, and 20 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in rice only. Apart from an increase in methane emission, a significant drop (p < 0.05) in floodwater pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the rice–fish plots. Both parameters were the lowest in the treatment where a higher feeding rate was provided. Due to the fish activity, floodwater in the rice–fish treatments was more turbid, as reflected in higher particulate inorganic matter (PIOM). An elevated level of dissolved methane was observed in the floodwater of the feed supplemented rice–fish plots. Methane emissions showed negative correlation with morning and afternoon pH of the floodwater (r = −0.46; r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen level (r = −0.53; r = −0.46, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were recorded between morning and afternoon floodwater temperature (r = 0.49; r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and with air temperature (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the stocking of fish has an increasing effect on methane emissions from rice fields.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的分离筛选及复配菌剂对河水的净化效果

从天然河水中富集分离出8株异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌株.将单菌株根据其自身的种属类别及脱氮性能复配成5种由不同菌株构成的菌剂,优选出脱氮效果最佳的复配菌剂-2,其包括6株菌株,分别为Pseudomonas stutzeri MR1,Pseudomonas sp.MR2,Pseudomonas sp.MR3,P...     

氨氧化细菌的富集培养及影响因素的研究

采用间歇培养方式,对富集氨氧化细菌的过程进行了研究,并探讨了温度、初始pH值、DO、碱度、进水氨氮浓度对短程硝化作用的影响.实验发现:氨氧化细菌富集完成后,氨氧化速率达到22.8 mg/(L·h),亚硝酸盐积累率在80％左右,氨氧化细菌的数量可提高至富集前的32.6倍.此外,对影响因素的研究发现,当温度30℃、pH=8.5、DO=0.5 mg/L、HCO3-/NH4+-N(摩尔比)=1.67、进水氨氮小于400 mg/L时,有利于实现短程硝化.     

泸沽湖流域可持续发展规划中的搬迁措施

近年来,随旅游业的高速发展,湖滨出现的大量接待设施和旅游活动等给泸沽湖水环境及摩梭文化带来了威胁。提出了用搬迁措施解决泸沽湖面临的环境与资源问题的思路、区划方式和主要步骤;在实地调查的基础上计算了搬迁的工程量和投资,认为搬迁的功能是调整泸沽湖流域的经济发展和生态格局,并着重指出泸沽湖接待设施搬迁的特色在于充分考虑对摩梭社群生活方式的尊重和保护。     

Routine chromosome analysis on fetal blood microaliquots obtained at fetoscopy

A routine study of the fetal karyotype was performed on samples obtained at 64 fetoscopic procedures. In 13 cases only pure amniotic fluid was available for the cultures, while in the remaining 51 cases the chromosome analysis was carried out on PHA-stimulated lymphocyte microcultures set up with any excess fetal blood above the requirements for globin-chain synthesis. Karyotype could be determined on fetal lymphocytes in 44 cases (86 per cent). All the fetuses were chromosomally normal. This experience shows that cytogenetic analysis using microaliquots of fetal blood is a relatively simple technique which should be introduced into routine prenatal diagnosis by fetoscopy.     

弱酸性条件下丙酸富集培养物的降解特性

为阐明厌氧生物处理系统中pH降低对丙酸降解的影响,考察了弱酸性条件下丙酸富集培养物的降解特征.在污泥接种量为0.22g MLVSS/L,初始丙酸浓度为1000mg/L条件下,对照组（pH7.0）的丙酸能够被该富集培养物快速降解,在接种第6d时,丙酸去除率达到了98.5%.当pH从7.0分别降低至6.5和6.0时,丙酸降解速度立即下降.但经过2~3d的适应后,丙酸降解速率恢复到对照的水平,并分别在培养至第8d和9d时其去除率达到了97%以上.当pH为5.5时,丙酸降解被完全抑制.在整个实验过程中,均未检测到氢气,而乙酸也只有在培养初期有过短暂的积累.该结果表明,在该丙酸富集培养物中,产甲烷菌对弱酸性环境具有更好的耐受性和适应性.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量研究

在综述分析前人关于网箱养殖污染负荷计算方法的基础上，借助网箱养殖物质平衡方程和实地监测实验数据，建立了哑铃湾网箱养殖污染负荷数学模型，并在模型中首次考虑了底泥累积污染影响。一方面为计算网箱养殖环境容量提供理论基础和计算参数，另一方面也为国内外相关的计算提供方法和参考。     

河谷城市通风系数研究

通风系数是科学确定污染物排放总量的基础.利用WRF模式模拟的边界层高度和风速计算了兰州新区2014年4个季节的通风系数,探讨了风速的季节性变化和日变化特征.结果表明:①WRF模式模拟得到的兰州新区的混合层平均风速呈夜间高、日间低的特征,日间混合层内平均风速最大值出现在20:00左右,这与地面风速积分法确定的平均风速具有较高相关性,验证了利用模式模拟边界层内平均风速特征的能力.②混合层高度季节变化呈现春夏季高、秋冬季低的特征;受太阳辐射的影响,日间混合层高度明显高于夜间.③通风系数具有明显的季节性变化特征（4个季节的通风系数分别为4 607.6、5 424.1、1 316.4、706.9 m2/s）,夏季高,冬季小,这与混合层高度和混合层内平均风速的季节性变化特征一致;日变化呈现单峰型的变化规律,冬季的峰值出现在15:00,而其他3个季节的峰值则出现在17:00左右.研究显示,WRF模式的模拟结果可以较好地反映混合层平均风速的基本特征,利用WRF模式模拟的结果计算得到的河谷地形的通风系数较为合理,不同季节的通风系数差异较大.      

色彩心理与城市交通安全文化分析

城市交通采用什么色彩更适宜,是一个交通安全文化与色彩设计和谐的问题。为防止或减少因交通色彩无秩序、不和谐、无标准而导致的交通事故,对交通、色彩、环境与人这一复杂系统当中色彩作用于人的心理而引起的感性及生理上的反应与交通色彩安全问题做了分析,阐述了色彩心理效应对交通安全文化的要求,提出了控制对策,为今后城市交通安全色彩设计提供了基础研究。     

构建校园体育文化环境教育体系之研究

从教育学的角度把体育文化环境分成七个重要组成部分：体育社会环境、体育生活环境、信息环境、比赛环境、体育教学环境、绿色体育环境与法制体育环境等。提出“高校体育文化环境”，并论述了体育文化环境的组成、特点、作用、在育人方面重要的价值，结合新时期大学生的特点提出建设校园体育文化的重要性及基本要求，强调体育文化环境重要意义，建议在认识到重视体育文化环境对高校及大学生的重要影响的同时，逐步营造出适合于大学生的个性发展、全面发展的真正的体育文化环境。