低成本废水生态处理组合工艺在农家乐废水治理中的应用

以一典型农家乐生活废水为处理对象,采用以低成本废水生态处理技术为主体的组合处理工艺,研究了该工艺对农家乐废水的处理效果。结果表明:该废水处理系统稳定运行时对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别达80%和50%以上,出水ρ(TP)一直保持在2.0 mg/L以下。该废水处理技术不仅简单易行、效果好,而且建造及运行成本低,在农村分散型废水治理方面具有良好的推广应用价值。     

我国海水养殖的生态预警评价指标体系与方法

在界定海水养殖业生态环境预警的概念基础上,初步建立了养殖业生态预警的指标评价体系和评价方法,并使用各个指标的实际观测数据进行初步模拟分析。研究发现,2001～2009年期间,2001年、2003年和2005年我国海水养殖的生态环境影响处于重警状态,2009年的生态效应处于轻警状态,其余年份均为中警状态。说明我国现有的海水养殖生态环境影响已和社会经济可持续发展产生一定程度的不协调,建议调整我国海水养殖的发展规模、降低海水养殖密度、加强海洋生态环境管理。     

西部高寒干旱地区生态可持续发展刍论--以内蒙古乌兰察布盟为例

西部高寒干旱地区的生态可持续发展在整个西部的大发展中是相当重要的组成部分。本文以内蒙古乌兰察布盟为例，列举其主要生态问题，分析这些问题产生的原因，论述该地近年来在生态可持续发展建设方面的政策、措施，以及成效，从而得出相关的启示：应加强环境资源再生能力建设，进行制度创新，尊重科学规律，采用科学手段等。     

自然生态保护江苏实践与思考

党的十八大以来,江苏自然生态保护工作取得长足进步,为保障江苏生态安全、提升生态环境管理现代化水平提供了重要基础支撑.介绍了 2018年以来,江苏在顶层设计、生态空间保护、生物多样性保护和生态保护制度创新等方面实施的一系列自然生态保护政策;指出了江苏还面临着生态空间挤占、生态破碎化、物种栖息地丧失等方面的严峻挑战,高强度开发的省情短期内难以有效改善,需要统筹好\"高强度开发、高质量发展、高水平保护\"三者矛盾;提出了全面提升生态环境质量,严格生态保护监管,加强生物多样性保护水平,健全完善工作保障机制等工作建议.     

碳中和愿景下电力部门低碳转型路径研究

碳中和愿景一方面加速了全社会电气化发展,致使电力需求持续增加,另一方面对尽早实现零碳电力提出要求,电力部门低碳转型进程更加紧迫而复杂。本文首先定性分析碳中和背景下电力部门的总体转型思路和技术不确定性影响,其次采用电力部门与终端部门耦合的C~3IAM/NET模型对电力需求进行预测,同时根据关键低碳技术发展的保守预期和积极预期设计多种情景,以开展电力低碳转型路径优化和成本效益研究。结果显示,发电碳排放量峰值可能出现在40亿～42亿吨,在2049—2060年有望实现零碳电力,电力部门低碳转型速度和效果因技术不确定性而存在明显差异。2021—2060年电力低碳转型累计投入为171万亿～180万亿元,CCS技术累计减排贡献超过250亿吨,可再生能源电力占比需达到68%以上,风电和光电将成为主要电力。     

evaluation of a measurement method for forest vegetation in a large-scale ecological survey

We evaluate a field method for determining species richness andcanopy cover of vascular plants for the Forest Health MonitoringProgram (FHM), an ecological survey of U.S. forests. Measurementsare taken within 12 1-m² quadrats on 1/15 ha plots in FHM.Species richness and cover are determined for four height classes(strata) within each quadrat and aggregated by stratum over the entireplot. We estimated (1) the agreement between experienced trainers andinexperienced technicians who collected the data on this survey(accuracy) and (2) the agreement among the technicians (precision) forresults on species richness and cover from 3 test plots at 3 timeintervals. The methods appear to be highly precise, although somediscrepancies with the values obtained by the trainers were found.Trainers found significantly more species in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m) and measured significantly more cover in the uppermost stratum(>4.9 m). The proportion of variation due to measurement error andtemporal variability was less than 13% for species richness (all strata)and cover (all but one stratum). This indicates that the method issuitable for monitoring changes in species richness and canopy coverfor a large-scale synoptic monitoring project such as FHM.     

The importance of temperature in assessing iron pipe corrosion in water distribution systems

Temperature is expected to play a significant role in the corrosion of iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems. Temperature impacts many parameters that are critical to pipe corrosion including biological activity, physical properties of the solution, thermodynamic and physical properties of corrosion scale, and chemical rates. Moreover, variations in temperature and temperature gradients may give rise to new corrosion phenomena worthy of consideration by water treatment personnel.     

Assessing Spatial, Temporal, and Analytical Variation of Groundwater Chemistry in a Large Nuclear Complex, USA

Statistical analyses were applied at the Hanford Site, USA, to assess groundwater contamination problems that included (1) determining local backgrounds to ascertain whether a facility is affecting the groundwater quality and (2) determining a ‘pre-Hanford' groundwater background to allow formulation of background-based cleanup standards. The primary purpose of this paper is to extend the random effects models for (1) assessing the spatial, temporal, and analytical variability of groundwater background measurements; (2) demonstrating that the usual variance estimate s ², which ignores the variance components, is a biased estimator; (3) providing formulas for calculating the amount of bias; and (4) recommending monitoring strategies to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background concentrations. A case study is provided. Results indicate that (1) without considering spatial and temporal variability, there is a high probability of false positives, resulting in unnecessary remediation and/or monitoring expenses; (2) the most effective way to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background, and enhance the power of the statistical tests in general, is to increase the number of background wells; and (3) background for a specific constituent should be considered as a statistical distribution, not as a single value or threshold. The methods and the related analysis of variance tables discussed in this paper can be used as diagnostic tools in documenting the extent of inherent spatial and/or temporal variation and to help select an appropriate statistical method for testing purposes.     

减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系探讨

现阶段,减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系尚处于探索期,在现有的制度框架下,管理机制和技术方法还需完善。通过厘清各制度环节中的责任主体、边界范围、职能定位等,梳理分析了减污降碳协同治理纳入生态环境管理体系过程中面临的主要挑战以及基于生态环境管理体系的减污降碳协同治理框架。运用现有生态环境管理体系的主要制度环节中的管理和技术要素,以问题为导向,探讨了在源头防控上,根据减污降碳相关试点内容,需完善“三线一单”、规划环评和建设项目环评中碳评的边界范围、工作内容和管理机制;在过程控制上,进一步构建排污许可数据一体化管理;在执法督察上,探索建立全国碳监测网络等方式,提升监察执法运行效力,强化督察问责工作机制,推动构建减污降碳协同的制度体系。

     

运用法律手段加强环境治理工作的有效性

单靠道德自律及经济、行政性处罚等手段 不可能从根本上解决环境问题,唯有加强法律作为硬性强制性手段,才能加大环保工作的有效性。