浙东海积平原农田土壤重金属来源辨识

为了区别土壤中潜在有毒重金属是来源于成土母质还是人为的污染,在浙东海积平原农田选择了32个采样点,分别采集了耕作层(0～10cm)和心土层(40～50cm)土样,用标准化学分析方法分别测定了Cd、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Hg、Pb、Mo、As和Al含量.用元素剖面分布研究法、元素化学形态分析法和主成分分析法等综合方法探讨了农田土壤中重金属的来源.结果表明,研究区土壤中Cr、Co、Ni为非污染元素,主要来源于成土母质,平均含量在耕作层与心土层中较为接近,残留态是这些重金属绝对优势的化学形态.Cd、Cu、zn、Hg和Pb为主要污染元素,其耕作层舍量明显高于心土层,可提取形态的比例较高;其中,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb有相似的人为污染来源,而Hg有不同的人为污染来源.土壤中的Mo和As的变化较为复杂,可能受成土母质和外源污染双重影响.     

基于稳定同位素和水化学成分的西南喀斯特流域径流划分

针对喀斯特流域下垫面空间异质性强,地表、地下径流转化复杂的特点,本文选择贵州陈旗实验小流域,根据实地调查流域内水源位置以及同位素、水化学样品的采集,将流域内水源划分为地表水(仅当强降雨时发生)、表层岩溶带水和深层地下水,采用稳定同位素和水化学成分组合方法划分了流域出口径流的水源成分。结果表明:降雨期间,坡面地表径流所占比例较少,小于10%,表层岩溶带所占比例在28%～45%之间,地下径流所占比例在49%～62%之间;降雨过程中表层岩溶带径流比例增大,地下径流比例减少。降雨过后,表层岩溶带径流比例迅速减少、地下径流比例呈现增加趋势;地下径流是无雨期流域出口断面径流的主要组成部分,无雨期地下径流占地下暗河出口径流量68%～88%。     

成都市春节期间大气PM_(2.5)化学元素的特征

为研究成都市春节期间大气PM2.5化学元素特征,于2010年2月10-28日在中国气象局成都高原气象研究所办公楼顶进行大气PM2.5采样。采用X-射线荧光光谱法(XRF)分析PM2.5中的无机元素。结果表明,除夕、元宵节PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为137.9μg/m3和287.5μg/m3。S、K、Cl、Al、Ba、Mg、Pb和Cu元素在除夕和元宵节2天中质量浓度是其它采样时间浓度的1.44~14.27倍;富集因子分析表明,S、Cl、K、Zn、As、Br、Sr、Cd、Sn、Ba、Pb、Cu主要是人类活动引起的各种污染所致;主成分分析得出,春节期间成都市PM2.5中的元素主要来源于烟花排放、机动车和燃煤排放;其次为冶金及机械制造等排放的烟尘。     

湖泊沉积物溶解性有机氮组分的藻类可利用性

选择乌梁素海和洱海沉积物样品,利用XAD-8树脂分离和三维荧光光谱技术,在室内培养条件下,研究了其溶解性有机氮(DON)不同组分的藻类可利用性.结果表明:①DON分组后,所研究湖泊沉积物DON及DOC平均损失低于5%,即XAD-8树脂分离技术可以用于湖泊沉积物DON的分组研究.②通过三维荧光光谱分析,湖泊沉积物DON亲水组分以类蛋白质为主,疏水组分以类腐殖质为主.③亲水组分培养条件下,来自乌梁素海和洱海沉积物的DON处理,其藻类生长分别呈"S"型曲线和直线上升趋势,最大藻密度分别达到535.5×104个·mL-1和709.5×104个·mL-1;其ρ(DON)均呈显著降低趋势,培养后ρ(DON)分别降低了2.46 mg·L-1和2.98 mg·L-1,表明湖泊沉积物亲水DON组分是藻类可利用的有机氮形态.④疏水组分培养条件下,来自乌梁素海和洱海沉积物的DON处理,其藻类生长均呈"单峰"曲线变化,最大藻密度分别达到113.5×104个·mL-1和275.5×104个·mL-1;ρ(DON)均在培养初期迅速下降,培养后期几乎不变,表明湖泊沉积物疏水DON组分在短时间内藻类可利用性较低,对藻类生长几乎无贡献作用.     

重庆颗粒物中TSP和自然干沉降来源识别

本文用主成分分析法和聚类分析法分别对TSP和干沉降的来源进行了分析,并得出颗粒物中不同元素分别来源于燃煤、燃油、风砂、扬尘等的结论.     

工业发达城市土壤重金属时空变异与源解析

采集了宁波市区2003和2013年两期共1 130个土壤样品,测定了8种典型重金属元素的含量,运用污染指数评价法对土壤重金属污染程度进行了评价,运用地统计学方法剖析了污染的时空变异特征,并分别运用主成分分析和UNMIX受体模型解析了重金属的污染来源.结果表明:(1)除了As,两期重金属元素的含量均值都超过了浙江省土壤背景值和国家土壤背景值,说明土壤普遍存在重金属污染;从2003～2013年,所有元素的含量均值都不同程度地增大,说明10年间重金属污染普遍加剧;(2)单因子污染指数的评价结果表明,Hg为重度污染,Cd、Cu、Pb为中度污染,Zn、Cr、Ni为轻度污染,As为非污染状态;所有采样点的内梅罗综合污染指数都超过了警戒值,10年间综合污染指数 3、呈重度污染的样本显著增加.(3)同种元素不同时期的污染空间格局相近,不同元素则呈现一定差异,Pb和Hg,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Ni的空间分布特征具有相似性,高值区主要集中在污染企业分布密集和人类活动频繁的海曙、江北、江东、镇海四区;(4)研究区重金属污染源主要包括两类,即以Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cd为主要成分的工业污染源,以Pb和Hg为主要成分的生活污染源,前者源自工业废水、废气和废渣的排放;后者源自于生活垃圾、汽车尾气及道路磨损造成的颗粒物和粉尘污染.     

Toward an improved ecosystem based management approach: incorporating catchment characteristics into better management and planning of the Great Barrier Reef marine ecosystem

Discharge from the Great Barrier Reef Catchment (GBRC) is considered the second most serious threat to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Utilising principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), this research aimed to assess the variability and co-variation of 28 water basins (WBs) within the GBRC, in order to improve the institutional arrangements and regulation of water quality and increase collaboration horizontally between management organisations, and vertically between government tiers. Water basin variability was measured by nine variables: size (ha), population, agricultural land use (ha), number of major water storages, major rivers and major towns, total nitrogen exported (T/yr), total phosphorus exported (T/yr) and herbicide use (ha). The Fitzroy WB, with PC scores of 7.0081, 2.2897 and ?1.6504, was identified as the most dissimilar and therefore needing to be managed differently. Many WBs within the same regions were very dissimilar to each other, indicating that current management practices, based largely on geographic location, are unlikely to be the most efficient and effective. Instead, managing groups of WBs with similar geo-political properties (determined by the CA) could be more effective and efficient. Coordination and collaboration are key to successful ecosystem based management, therefore managing similar WBs together through inter-NRM (natural resource management) agreements, irrespective of their geographical location, facilitates management bodies building strong, cooperative working relationships.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.