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461.
The aim of this paper is to recommend a rapid conceptual classification model for Sustainable Flood Retention Basins (SFRB) used to control runoff in a temperate climate. An SFRB is an aesthetically pleasing retention basin predominantly used for flood protection adhering to sustainable drainage and best management practices. The classification model was developed on the basis of a database of 141 SFRB using the River Rhine catchment in Baden (part of Baden-Württemberg, Germany) as a case study. It is based on an agglomerative cluster analysis and is intended to be used by engineers and scientists to adequately classify the following different types of SFRB: Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin, Traditional Flood Retention Basin, Sustainable Flood Retention Wetland, Aesthetic Flood Retention Wetland, Integrated Flood Retention Wetland and Natural Flood Retention Wetland. The selection of classification variables was supported by a principal component analysis. The identification of SFRB in the data set was based on a Ward cluster analysis of 34 weighted classification variables. Scoring tables were defined to enable the assignment of the six SFRB definitions to retention basins in the data set. The efficiency of these tables was based on a scoring system which gave the conceptual model for the example case study sites an overall efficiency of approximately 60% (as opposed to 17% by chance). This conceptual classification model should be utilized to improve communication by providing definitions for SFRB types. The classification definitions are likely to be applicable for other regions with both temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates. 相似文献
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463.
Model reduction via principal component truncation for the optimal design of atmospheric monitoring networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Olivier Saunier Marc Bocquet Anne Mathieu Olivier Isnard 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):4940-4950
A numerically efficient methodology for the optimal design of monitoring networks aiming at the surveillance of accidental atmospheric release is proposed in this paper. In a realistic context, the design of such a network requires the knowledge of a database of potential dispersion accidents occurring in the domain of the study. An objective function measures the ability of a potential network to provide measurements in order to reconstruct any accidental plume taken from the database. In the optimisation of such cost functions with respect to networks, most of the computational time is spent in the evaluation of the function, especially if the accidents database is large. In this paper we show how to optimally reduce this database and how this affects the design via a mathematical expansion in the cost function. We introduce methods based on principal component analysis, which are rigorous when the cost function is of least-squares type. These methods are then tested and validated with success on the design of a radionuclides monitoring network to be deployed over France. This is the so-called Descartes network which will be operated by the French Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. These techniques are then applied on Descartes to solve several issues that are computationally demanding, but are also of more general interest, such as: how should one sequentially deploy the stations of the network? How is affected the optimal network when other European potential radiological sources are taken into account? 相似文献
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Tahmina Khatun 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):439-457
The objective of the paper is to measure environmental degradation on the basis of some selected indicators by the application
of a simple multivariate technique known as Principal Component Analysis. For this purpose the study considered six variables,
namely, GDP per capita, fuel consumption, total fertility rate, water supply, sanitation, and electricity. However, because
of unavailability of data, the variables such as technology relating to environment, waste disposal, air pollution, women/gender
issues relating to environment, corruption, democracy etc. could not be considered. The results show that principal components
explain about 62% of the variations in the level of environmental degradation. The variables like GDP per capita, fuel consumption,
water supply and electricity played a major role in classifying the countries in terms of environmental degradation compared
to the variables, sanitation and total fertility rate. The findings show that countries which have high GDP per capita, low
fuel consumption, higher percentage of people having access to water supply and sanitation as well as electricity ranked higher
in terms of environmental quality despite high fertility rate as shown by the spectacular example of Saudi Arabia. By contrast,
those countries which have low percentage of population having access to safe water and sanitation as well as electricity,
high fuel consumption and high fertility were ranked lower in terms of environmental quality despite high per capita income,
as shown by the example of Angola which is placed in lowest position among the 51 selected countries. The results also show
that correlation between poverty and environmental degradation is particularly acute in African countries where high population
growth is acting as an exacerbating factor. The study concluded that high fertility has much impact on environmental degradation
in case of poorer countries than in case of rich countries.
相似文献
Tahmina KhatunEmail: |
466.
长株潭地区城镇化对土地利用效率的影响 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
长株潭城市群作为全国"两型社会"建设综合配套改革试验区,对湖南省、对全国的发展都具有十分重要的意义。城镇化进程中土地利用问题作为"两型社会"研究中的重要方面,必然受到普遍关注。本文首先对国内外关于城镇化与土地利用关系的相关文献进行了评述,进而在对城镇化综合水平与土地利用综合指数进行测算的基础上,通过建立动态计量模型,采用协整分析与脉冲响应分析、方差分解分析相结合的方法对长株潭地区城镇化对土地利用的影响进行了实证分析。研究发现:近年来,长株潭地区城镇化综合水平逐步提高;城镇土地利用综合指数呈现出先平稳,然后急剧上升的倒"L"型变化趋势;城镇化综合水平与土地利用综合指数存在长期稳定的均衡关系;短期内,城镇化综合水平的提高会在一定程度上使土地利用状况恶化,但长期内,城镇化综合水平是影响土地利用综合指数的主导因素,它的提高有利于土地集约利用。由此提出相关的政策建议。 相似文献
467.
事实再次证明,单纯由政府主导的食品安全监管模式已无法满足人们对于食品安全的消费需求。政府和市场在食品安全风险治理中出现的政府公权和市场私权的"双重失灵",迫切需要社会组织的参与。本文通过深度访问和问卷调查的形式,基于主成分分析方法将影响食品行业社会组织参与食品安全风险治理能力的影响因素指标融合为互不相关的综合指标,并由此构建了多元线性回归模型,研究了影响食品行业的社会组织参与食品安全风险治理能力的主要因素。研究结果表明,社会组织的公信力、与政府的关系、政府支持力度、社会组织的信息公开程度、专职人员的数量与质量等因素与其参与治理能力存在较强的正相关;社会组织法定代表人年龄、现职国家机关公务人员在组织内担任职务的比例与其参与治理的能力存在较高的负相关。因此,社会组织在食品安全的风险治理中是否能发挥自身独有的优势,弥补政府和市场在食品安全风险中的双重失灵,内在地取决于社会组织的外部环境、内部治理结构与内部管理水平。构建具有中国特色的食品安全社会共治体系亟需逐步完善社会组织的立法,明确社会组织的法律地位,确保社会组织在法律框架下按照各自的章程自主性地开展的各种活动,政府在法律框架下履行支持社会组织发展的职能力度;同时优化内部人员结构,建设具有数量充足、能力结构基本完备的工作人员队伍,并依据改革要求,优化法定代表人的结构,建立诚信信息服务平台,提升自身的社会公信度,由此保障社会组织在参与食品安全风险治理过程中的独立性,发挥自身专业性、自治性等优势。 相似文献
468.
Organic chemicals usually coexist as a mixture in the environment, and the mixture toxicity of organic chemicals has received increased attention. However, research regarding the joint effects of reactive chemicals is lacking. In this study, we examined two kinds of reactive chemicals, cyanogenic toxicants and aldehydes and determined their joint effects on Photobacterium phosphoreum. Three factors were found to influence the joint effects of multicomponent mixtures containing reactive chemicals, including the number of components, the dominating components and the toxic ratios. With an increased number of components, the synergistic or antagonistic effects (interactions) will weaken to the additive effects (non-interactions) if the added component cannot yield a much stronger joint effect with an existing component. Contrarily, the joint effect of the mixture may become stronger instead of weaker if the added components can yield a much stronger joint effect than the existing joint effect of the multicomponent mixture. The components that yield the strongest interactions in their binary mixture can be considered the dominating components. These components contribute more to the interactions of multicomponent mixtures than other components. Moreover, the toxic ratios also influence the joint effects of the mixtures. This study provides an insight into what are the main factors and how they influence the joint effects of multicomponent mixtures containing reactive chemicals, and thus, the findings are beneficial to the study of mixture toxicology. 相似文献
469.
对济南市2010年6月—2012年5月环境空气中55种VOCs监测数据进行分析,研究其反应活性及关键活性组分。结果表明,济南市环境空气VOCs的LOH和OFP的月变化规律与其月浓度变化趋势一致,夏季环境空气VOCs的浓度、LOH和OFP较大,是容易发生复合型大气污染的时段;济南市环境空气VOCs化学活性与其混合比之间具有良好的线性相关性,表明济南市环境空气中VOCs的化学组成具有一定的稳定性;VOCs的平均KOH远远超过乙烯的KOH,MIR与乙烯相当,说明济南市环境空气VOCs的化学反应活性较强;烯烃体积分数远远小于烷烃,但化学反应活性贡献率最高,且顺-二丁烯、丙烯、乙烯、丁烯、反-二丁烯、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、2-甲基-1-戊烯、顺-二戊烯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、甲苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯和环戊烷为济南市关键活性组分,因此,济南市高活性VOCs物种为烯烃,同时芳香烃和环戊烷对环境空气活性的贡献也不容忽视。 相似文献
470.