绿色经济发展总体评价与区域差异分析

依据联合国环境规划署提出的绿色经济指标框架,即“经济转型有效性”“资源利用绿色度”“进步和福祉实现度”3个方面,结合我国实际情况,建立了一套三级指标体系,并采用主成分分析、聚类分析、多元线性回归等方法,从横向和纵向2个维度分析了我国绿色经济发展状况. 结果表明:①我国30个地区绿色经济发展不均衡,绿色经济综合指标得分最高相差4.52,其中5个发展水平最低的地区均位于西部;②各地区内部3个指标也同样存在不平衡的问题;③1997—2011年,我国绿色经济发展的总体水平呈良好上升态势,绿色经济综合指标的年均增幅为42%,但某些经济总量发展领先的东部地区,在过去的15 a间绿色经济发展甚至出现倒退;④资源利用和环境保护是影响我国绿色经济发展的主要因素,其中“有效灌溉面积占耕地比重”指标的影响最大,其标准回归系数达到0.553.      

南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的污染特征及来源解析

为研究南宁市土壤中正构烷烃的赋存情况以及来源,于2021年6月在南宁市内采集了48个土壤样品,采用气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS)对表层土壤中正构烷烃的质量分数进行了测定。结果表明,正构烷烃碳链长度范围为C12—C35,∑24正构烷烃的质量分数为3.93~131.02μg/g,其中C31质量分数最高,C22以上的高碳正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,体现了典型的高等植物来源的特点。碳优势指数等参数分析结果表明,土壤中的正构烷烃主要来自陆地高等植物且总体上木本植物>草本植物,少部分可能存在石油污染。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,C29—C35具有同源性,主要受植物叶蜡影响(41.36%),C24和C25主要来自水生植物(27.88%),C16和C18可能是细菌和石油化合物排放共同影响的结果(21.49%)。根据主成分分析中样品的贡献权重得出,可能存在石油化合物输入的土壤63.6%来自耕地,27.3%来自林地,9.1%来自园地,研究区土壤中正构烷烃的主要人为排放源可能受到农业机械排放以及靠近道路周边受交通排放的影响。     

干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地配置模式评价——以神东矿区为例

调查了神东矿区23个单位附属绿地的绿化结构,测定并评价了绿地的各种功能效益和蒸腾耗水量,最后选择绿地持续稳定、功能效益、蒸腾耗水量、整体美景度4个方面10个指标,用主成分分析法综合评价了不同绿地配置模式的优劣顺序,筛选出较好的配置模式。评价分析表明:上湾小学总体表现最好,神东煤矿职工生活小区总体表现普遍较差;绿量是决定城市绿地功能效益的关键因素,城市绿化不仅要增加绿化覆盖率,还要注重提高单位面积绿地绿量;乔木树种不仅绿量和发挥的功能效益最大,蒸腾耗水量也很大,因此,干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地在提高节水乔木树种(如新疆杨Populus alba var．pyramidalis)比例的同时,还应注重配置花灌木树种(如玫瑰Rosa rugosa、紫丁香Syringa oblata),并适当地用自然杂草代替人工草坪覆盖地表,以适应干旱地区水分短缺的需求。     

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Physicochemical Parameters in the Water of the Reconquista River (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

The Reconquista river is one of the most polluted watercourses in Argentina. More than 3 million people and over 10,000 industries are settled on its basin. The available data show that pollution is mainly related to the discharge of domestic and industrial liquid wastes that are poured into the river almost untreated. At present no site of the river can be characterized as free of pollutants. Samples were taken monthly from 5 sites of the river; some 18–20 physicochemical parameters were determined in each sample. Analyses revealed significant differences in the degree of deterioration between sites. Two of them, close to the source of the river (Cascallares-S₁ and Paso del Rey-S₂) resulted less polluted than the two points located close to the mouth of the river (San Martin-S₄ and Bancalari-S₅). The worsening of the water quality in S₄–S₅ was attributed to the discharges of the Moron stream, a tributary that flows into the main course of the river a complex mixture of non treated waste waters. PCA was used in the ordination of samples (sites, season and physicochemical parameters). In the PCA performed using all variables, the first principal component showed positive correlation with N-NH₄ ⁺, conductivity, orthophosphate, BOD₅, COD and alkalinity, and negative correlation with DO. The second principal component was positively correlated with pH, temperature and chlorophyll a and negatively with phenols and hardness. In respect to the spatial distribution, the plot of the scores for the first two components of samples taken in each sampling station showed S₁ and S₂ values displayed farthest at the left side of the X axis with high DO. In contrast, S₄ and S₅ values stayed at the right side of this axis with high N-NH₄ ⁺, conductivity, orthophosphate, BOD₅, COD and alkalinity; data of S₃ were “intermediate". In order to identify seasonal trends in the concentration of contaminants scores of cases labeled by season were plotted. The line drawn on the ordination plane showed that summer samples tended to converge to the upper right portion of the graph where pollution variables had more importance on the first axis, and along the second axis with high correlation with pH, temperature and chlorophyll a. Winter scores were settled in the left lower part of the plot with minor contribution of pollution parameters and more importance of DO on the first axis. Samples of autumn and spring did not fit a clear cut pattern. Deceased     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

On-Line Adaptive and Nonlinear Process Monitoring of a Pilot-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor

This article describes the application of on-line nonlinear monitoring of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Three-way batch data of SBR are unfolded batch-wisely, and then a adaptive and nonlinear multivariate monitoring method is used to capture the nonlinear characteristics of normal batches. The approach is successfully applied to an 80 L SBR for biological wastewater treatment, where the SBR poses an interesting challenge in view of process monitoring since it is characterized by nonstationary, batchwise, multistage, and nonlinear dynamics. In on-line batch monitoring, the developed adaptive and nonlinear process monitoring method can effectively capture the nonlinear relationship among process variables of a biological process in a SBR. The results of this pilot-scale SBR monitoring system using simple on-line measurements clearly demonstrated that the adaptive and nonlinear monitoring technique showed lower false alarm rate and physically meaningful, that is, robust monitoring results.     

原子吸收光谱法测定多维元素药片中矿物质含量

采用原子吸收光谱法测定了多维元素药片中矿物质含量。样品用硝酸消解,用火焰原子吸收法测定钙、镁、钾、铜、铁、锰,用石墨炉原子吸收法测铬和镍。方法灵敏可靠,测量相对标准偏差<2.4%,回收率在90%～100%之间,能满足药品检测要求。     

Modeling and simulation of landfill gas production from pretreated MSW landfill simulator

The cumulative landfill gas (LFG) production and its rate were simulated for pretreated municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill using four models namely first order exponential model, modified Gompertz model, single component combined growth and decay model and Gaussian function. Considering the behavior of the pretreated MSW landfill, a new multi component model was based on biochemical processes that occurring in landfilled pretreated MSW. The model was developed on the basis of single component combined growth and decay model using an anaerobic landfill simulator reactor which treats the pretreated MSW. It includes three components of the degradation i.e. quickly degradable, moderately degradable and slowly degradable. Moreover, the developed model was statistically analyzed for its goodness of fit. The results show that the multi components LFG production model is more suitable in comparison to the simulated models and can efficiently be used as a modeling tool for pretreated MSW landfills. The proposed model is likely to give assistance in sizing of LFG collection system, generates speedy results at lower cost, improves cost-benefit analysis and decreases LFG project risk. It also indicates the stabilization of the landfill and helps the managers in the reuse of the landfill space. The proposed model is limited to aerobically pretreated MSW landfill and also requires the values of delay times in LFG productions from moderately and slowly degradable fractions of pretreated MSW.     

巢湖水质时空分布模式研究

依据2004~2006年12个采样点11个水质指标数据,应用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)、判别分析(DA)和基于G IS平台的克里格插值法,对巢湖水质时空分布模式进行研究。通过统计分析将巢湖11个水质指标概括为4个主成分:第一主成分COD、BOD5和Chl-a;第二主成分电导率、NH4+-N、TN和TP;第三主成分温度和DO;第四主成分pH和SD。在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于东西半湖。除了DO指标,空间上西半湖周边区域的水质指标浓度显著高于东半湖;东西半湖TP和COD空间分布相似;在时间尺度上,可分为1月~3月份、12月份一组和4月~11月份一组;TP、COD、DO和SD指标第一时期浓度高于第二时期,温度、电导率和Chl-a指标则相反;溶解氧和温度两者的时间差异性呈现明显的负相关。并对采样点和采样频次进行了适当优化。     

陕西省自然灾害的社会易损性分析

应用主成分分析法,选取10个主要社会经济指标,以陕西省的11个地级市作为研究对象,对其自然灾害社会易损性进行分析。确定三个主成分作为评价自然灾害社会易损性的指标,计算得出陕西省各地市相应主成分的得分和排名,在此基础上对相应地区的自然灾害社会易损性进行评价。