龟石水库夏季富营养化状况与蓝藻水华暴发特征

龟石水库是贺州市主要的饮用水源,2014年夏季第一次暴发大规模的蓝藻水华.本研究通过分析水体的富营养化时空变化规律、外源污染来源以及浮游藻类群落结构动态变化特征,进而评价水体的富营养化状况,并提出合理的防控措施.结果表明,水库的氮磷浓度逐年升高,TN含量已远超过地表水Ⅱ类标准,部分样点的TP含量也超过Ⅱ类标准,且主要来源为规模化养殖和农业面源污染.水华期间浮游藻类细胞密度变化范围为8.60×10~6~5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1),水华优势种为惠氏微囊藻,密度最高达到5.36×10~8cells·L~(-1)以上,叶绿素a浓度最高为74.48μg·L~(-1),惠氏微囊藻细胞密度随时间推移呈现逐渐降低的趋势,并且垂直方向集中分布在表层及水下2 m处.水华期间浮游藻类总细胞密度与TN、TP、NO_3~--N和高锰酸盐指数呈现显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关.微囊藻毒素监测结果表明龟石水库水质未受到微囊藻毒素的污染.综合分析,对于中营养水平的龟石水库而言,蓝藻水华的防控既要关注气候和气象条件,更要尽量削减氮、磷营养盐入库量,维持较低营养盐水平是防范蓝藻水华的关键.     

放养鲢鱼预处理高藻原水的除藻效能及特性

为减轻藻类对水厂常规处理工艺净水效能的影响,在某水厂预沉池中进行了放养滤食性鲢鱼去除高藻水中藻类的生产性试验研究.结果表明,以水华微囊藻为优势种的高藻原水经过在水厂预沉池放养鲢鱼进行预处理之后,藻类总量、蓝藻和水华微囊藻含量分别下降了了61.8%、76.1%和78.2%.原水藻类含量的大幅降低有效减轻了后续常规工艺的藻类负荷,为水处理创造了有利条件.分析认为鲢的滤食选择和不同的藻类规格是对蓝藻和绿藻不同去除效率的原因.试验表明,放养鲢鱼的生物控制技术适用于处理群体性蓝藻占优势地位的高藻原水.     

太湖浮游硅藻时空演化与环境因子的关系

利用1992年至2002年每月1次的监测资料,系统分析了太湖北部3个区域(河口、梅梁湾、湖心)浮游硅藻(Planktonic diatoms)生物量周年变化和空间分布情况.同时,水中磷酸盐(PO43--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)含量等相关资料也被用于解释太湖浮游硅藻时空分布的原因.结果显示,直链硅藻(Aulacoseira sp.)是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种,其它常见种有小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、针杆藻(Synedrasp.)等.硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约为20%.太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大,梅梁湾其次,湖心最小,究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境(水流速度)有关,另外,河口丰富的营养盐,特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素.温度可能是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素.Pearson相关分析证实,磷酸盐、氨氮和温度均与硅藻生物量显著相关(p<0.01),且蓝藻生物量百分比与硅藻生物量百分比呈显著负相关.研究结果说明,太湖浮游硅藻的生长分布受多种环境因子(磷酸盐、氨氮、温度)的影响限制,太湖浮游硅藻与蓝藻可能存在着竞争演替的趋势.     

Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water

Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4–16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.     

水体富营养化及蓝藻水华预警模型研究进展

目前,水体富营养化及蓝藻水华污染已成为最为突出的世界性水环境问题之一,做好水华的预测预警工作显得尤为重要.预警模型是水体富营养化及蓝藻水华预警工作的前提与基础.文章讨论了主要预警参数因子的选择,包括物理因子、化学因子和生物因子;介绍了常用的水体寓营养化及蓝藻水华预警模型的研究进展,总结了各个常用模型的概念、优缺点、建模...     

Pollutant toxicology with respect to microalgae and cyanobacteria

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem. Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological assessments. Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments; thus, their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively. However, the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved. While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily, new ones are also being produced continuously. As a result, the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants, namely, metals, nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Further, we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene, microplastics, and ionic liquids. Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobacteria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.     

加压混凝沉淀对蓝藻水处理中消毒副产物的控制

为了降低蓝藻水处理中消毒副产物的产生,采用物理加压法取代传统化学氧化法进行预处理,从而减少新的化学物质的产生,降低消毒副产物风险,实验对比研究了加压混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀除藻工艺中消毒副产物及其前驱物的浓度。结果表明,经0.7 MPa加压1 min后混凝沉淀处理,藻类去除率达到95.8%,浊度0.58 NTU,均比原水混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀后效果大幅度提高。蓝藻水加压后三卤甲烷前驱物降低26.2%,卤乙酸前驱物无变化,混凝沉淀处理后前驱物比原水混凝沉淀后略有减少。加压水过滤消毒后消毒副产物与原水处理后持平。而经1~2 mg/L的Na Cl O预氧化水混凝沉淀过滤消毒后,三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度分别比原水处理后增加了3~4倍和1.7~2.5倍。加压混凝沉淀工艺处理蓝藻水,比传统预氧化工艺更有效控制了消毒副产物的产生。     

蓝藻对重金属的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附作为目前重金属废水处理中最有前途的方法之一,其吸附机理、吸附量影响因素、吸附模型、吸附工艺以及各种生物吸附剂的吸附特性等已被广泛研究。寻找对重金属具有特异性吸附与较强吸附能力的生物体是生物吸附领域的一个永恒课题。蓝藻是世界上分布最广的生物,本文较全面的介绍了蓝藻对重金属的吸附特性与基因工程在构建高吸附性能蓝藻方面的研究进展,并对生物吸附剂的开发应用前景作了展望。     

珠江三角洲城市周边典型中小型水库富营养化与蓝藻种群动态

为了解珠江三角洲地区城市周边中小型水库的水质状况,于2009年8月(丰水期)和2010年3月(枯水期)调查了4座典型中小型水库--横岗水库、水濂山水库、契爷石水库和东风水库,分析了水库的富营养化与蓝藻种类组成、种群动态及微囊藻毒素水平.丰水期总磷浓度为0.05～0.083 mgL-1,枯水期为0.026～0.082 m...     

菹草对湖泊水质及浮游植物群落结构的影响

沉水植物的季节性死亡分解会引起水体环境的巨大改变,如大量释放有机碳和氮磷等植物营养素,进而可能引起浮游植物群落结构的显著变化.本文以菹草为例,调查了我国江淮中下游平原14个浅水湖泊中该物种春季生长期和夏季衰亡期水环境物理化学指标和浮游植物相关参数,并量化了菹草衰亡对水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,在春季,菹草的生长显著抑制了沉积物的悬浮,提高了水体的透明度,同时菹草在生长过程中,吸收了水体中的营养元素并将其储存在植株体内或输送到沉积物中,菹草的光合作用还显著提高了水体的溶解氧和pH.然而,夏季菹草的衰亡使得湖水变得十分浑浊,水体有机质含量显著上升.此外,本研究还发现夏季有草区与无草区浮游植物组成和蓝藻生物量差异显著,对应的蓝藻占总藻生物量的比值分别为18.96%和34.05%.菹草衰亡区的蓝藻表现出更大生物量的原因如下:一是植株体的分解为蓝藻提供了充足的有机质和氮磷物质,为蓝藻的增殖提供了营养来源;二是夏季菹草衰亡导致水体浊度增加,使得蓝藻在竞争中占据了更好生态位,使其具备更大的氮、磷营养盐利用效率.