孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在模拟水体中的垂直分布与浮力规律研究

采用大型室内湖泊模拟装置对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在富营养化湖泊中的垂直分布与迁移特征进行了模拟,并通过10 L玻璃瓶实验对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻浮力对光的响应进行了分析.湖泊模拟实验结果表明,光照后,表层孟氏浮游蓝丝藻开始向下层迁移,光照8h后,藻丝在深2～3m左右水层形成稳定聚集层;藻丝容易集聚层在光照度为10μmol·(m2·s)-1左右水层,处于该水层上部的藻丝漂浮百分率<50%趋向于沉降,处于该水层下部的藻丝漂浮百分率>50%趋向于漂浮;无光照后,藻丝开始往水体表层聚集,无光照12h后,约20%的藻丝聚集在水体表层,无光照48h后,约50%的藻丝聚集在水体表层;说明浮游蓝丝藻白天主要分布在水体2～3m处,在早晨或连续的阴天后,可能在水体表层形成水华.10 L玻璃瓶实验结果表明,强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-70%间变化,弱光照[25μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-50%间变化,说明强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝具有明显的沉降与漂浮特征.1昼夜内,藻细胞蛋白质和伪空胞的变化不明显,糖含量在14%-35%间变化,藻丝的浮力对光照的响应可能通过藻细胞的糖含量变化实现.     

低通时序滤波轨线法在太湖营养过程识别中的应用

环境背景条件变化会导致湖泊ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系发生变化.采用低通时序滤波轨线方法可以方便地识别ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系的时间转折点,将长时间序列数据进行分段,从而建立分段回归函数,为研究环境因子与湖泊ρ（Chla）的因果关系提供了一种新的思路.以太湖为研究对象,采用低通时序滤波轨线方法,评估了2001—2018年太湖的ρ（Chla）与营养盐〔ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）〕以及氮磷比〔ρ（TN）/ρ（TP）〕的变化过程,研究了年均气温、滞留时间对产藻效率〔ρ（Chla）/ρ（TP）〕的影响过程.结果表明:①2006年、2011年为太湖营养过程轨线的两个时间转折点,将太湖的营养过程轨线分为3段.第1段为污染阶段（2001—2006年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步升高,于2006年达到第一个峰值;第2段为修复阶段（2006—2011年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步降低,于2011年达到谷值;第3段为富营养化加剧阶段（2011—2018年）,太湖的ρ（TN）呈下降趋势,ρ（TP）与ρ（Chla）同步升高,至今未出现转折点.②太湖藻类生长的限值因子为ρ（TP）,2011年之后氮磷比进入浮游藻类适宜生长区,为蓝藻暴发提供了条件.③2011—2018年产藻效率增长了51%,且目前仍在升高未出现转折点,气温升高可能是主要原因.④依据2011—2018年的滤波值建立ρ（Chla）-ρ（TP）的函数预测,为控制蓝藻暴发〔ρ（Chla） < 10 mg/m3〕,太湖的ρ（TP）需要控制在52 μg/L以下.⑤2006年后,太湖的滞留时间呈现缩短趋势,对藻类的繁殖形成抑制,但滞留时间不是影响产藻效率的关键因子.研究显示:自2006年太湖流域实施一系列生态修复工程后,湖泊氮浓度明显降低,但由于流域氮磷排放量较大而且湖体沉积物中累积磷含量较高,致使水体营养盐水平仍未降到能显著抑制蓝藻生长的水平;目前气温升高趋势仍在持续,太湖的控藻形势严峻,为摆脱气候变暖对蓝藻水华趋势的决定作用,应当在控氮基础上加大控磷的力度,同时更多考虑水文调节、生物修复、加强打捞等措施.      

蓝细菌生物标志物——2-甲基藿烷类化合物研究进 展及其应用

蓝细菌是具有产氧光合作用的自养型微生物,其个体微小,数量庞大,广泛分布在海洋和陆地环境中,同时部分蓝细菌又具有固氮作用,所以蓝细菌在全球碳循环和氮循环过程中都扮演重要角色。2-甲基藿烷类化合物（藿多醇和藿烷）是一类目前被广泛使用的蓝细菌生物标志物。2-甲基藿多醇被广泛用于估测近现代沉积物中蓝细菌的生物量和群落结构。而2-甲基霍烷则被应用于指示地质历史时期蓝细菌的生物量和重建古环境。本文总结了近年来2-甲基藿烷类化合物作为蓝细菌生物标志物的研究进展和具体的应用,并展望了未来关于此类化合物的研究方向。     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

Biogenic C-doped titania templated by cyanobacteria for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B

Cyanobacteria, which occurred in eutrophic water harvest solar light to carry out photosynthesis with high efficiency. In this work, cyanobacteria （Microcystis sp.） were used as biotemplate to synthesize titania structure. The synthesized titania sample had similar morphology to that of the original template in spite of the fragile unicellular structures and extremely high water content of cyanobacterial cells. Incorporation of biogenic C, as well as the morphology inherited from biotemplate improved visible- light absorbance of the titania structure. The sample exhibited higher visible-light photocatalytic activity than commercial titania photocatalyst Degussa P25 for Rhodamine B （RhB） degradation. Compared with those C-doped titania photocatalysts prepared by other methods, cyanobacteria templated titania photocatalyst offer some potential for competitive advantages. The reported strategy opened up a new use for the cyanobacteria. It could also be used for titania in applications such as treatment of polluted water, dye-sensitized solar cells, or other regions.     

Isolation and Identification of Antialgal Compounds from the Leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. by Activity-Guided Fractionation (5 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope

Vallisneria spiralis Linn., a common, submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in Southeast Asia. V. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? The aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of V. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.

Methods

Leaves of V. spiralis was washed free of debris, air-dried and refluxed in 95% EtOH. The extract was isolated using column chromatography and fractionation with antialgal activity. Potential allelochemicals were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS).

Results

Two fractions with strong antialgal activity were isolated using column chromatography and activity-guided fractionation from the extract of V. spiralis. 2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, dihydroactinidiolide and 4-oxo-β-Ionone were identified in the first fraction, and 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone, loliolide, 6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionone and an unknown compound in the second fraction. They had strong inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Discussion

2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide is a byproduct of photooxidation of chlorophyll, and five other compounds identified were derivatives of β-carotene. HRGC-MS and derivatization technology were used to identify and confirm their molecular structures. The formula of the unknown compound was C16H19NO4. Metabolites of plant pigments had strong inhibitory activities on growth of algae.

Conclusions

Six compounds had been identified in V. spiralis, among them, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide was the main allelochemical, and derivatives of ionone were also potential allelochemicals.

Recommendations and Perspective

. The results of our research could help us to study further mechanisms of inhibitory effect on algae and develop new potential antialgal substances.     

Prioritizing Conservation Effort through the Use of Biological Soil Crusts as Ecosystem Function Indicators in an Arid Region

Abstract: Conservation prioritization usually focuses on conservation of rare species or biodiversity, rather than ecological processes. This is partially due to a lack of informative indicators of ecosystem function. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) trap and retain soil and water resources in arid ecosystems and function as major carbon and nitrogen fixers; thus, they may be informative indicators of ecosystem function. We created spatial models of multiple indicators of the diversity and function of BSCs (species richness, evenness, functional diversity, functional redundancy, number of rare species, number of habitat specialists, nitrogen and carbon fixation indices, soil stabilization, and surface roughening) for the 800,000‐ha Grand Staircase‐Escalante National Monument (Utah, U.S.A.). We then combined the indicators into a single BSC function map and a single BSC biodiversity map (2 alternative types of conservation value) with an unweighted averaging procedure and a weighted procedure derived from validations performance. We also modeled potential degradation with data from a rangeland assessment survey. To determine which areas on the landscape were the highest conservation priorities, we overlaid the function‐ and diversity‐based conservation‐value layers on the potential degradation layer. Different methods for ascribing conservation‐value and conservation‐priority layers all yielded strikingly similar results (r= 0.89–0.99), which suggests that in this case biodiversity and function can be conserved simultaneously. We believe BSCs can be used as indicators of ecosystem function in concert with other indicators (such as plant‐community properties) and that such information can be used to prioritize conservation effort in drylands.     

蓝藻越冬期湖湾沉积物磷吸附特征和释放风险

越冬过程是蓝藻暴发的前置阶段,该时期沉积物内源磷是蓝藻水华发生的主要磷源之一.在调查藻型湖湾蓝藻越冬两个时期(休眠期和复苏期)水质和沉积物污染物指标的基础上,进一步分析了水平和垂直方向上沉积物磷吸附特征,阐明沉积物磷释放风险及微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,研究区域两个时期湖湾基本为中度富营养水平,并且水质和沉积物氮磷污...     

超声对蓝藻细胞生理影响的研究

蓝藻水华会使水体水质恶化,破坏水生生态系统,同时会增加水处理成本,产生臭味并释放藻毒素。蓝藻水华问题成为社会各界的关注热点。超声由于具有反应速度快,操作简便,在处理过程中不引入其他化学物质等优点,已被广泛应用于水处理领域,包括用于蓝藻水华的控制。总结了超声作用参数对蓝藻生长效果的影响,从藻细胞的光合活性、酯酶活性和抗氧化酶系统等方面探讨了超声对蓝藻生理方面产生的影响,分析了超声对藻细胞的作用机理,并对后续的研究进行了展望,以期为超声控制蓝藻水华的相关研究提供参考。     

水华蓝藻上浮特征与机理的试验研究

利用柱状反应器和太湖蓝藻水华爆发期含有蓝藻颗粒的水体进行试验,模拟了蓝藻上浮特征,对水华蓝藻上浮过程中相关的物理化学因素进行了研究,探讨了蓝藻上浮与物理化学因素之间的相互作用和相关性。试验结果表明：反应器表层蓝藻上浮率明显大于底部,表层以下上浮率随时间没有明显变化规律,不同时刻上浮率变化特征是晚上22：00〉10：00〉14：00;pH和正磷酸盐呈现相似的变化规律,表层和底层的值均小于中间;对相关性进行分析表明,碳水化合物、氨氮和溶解氧是蓝藻上浮的主要影响因素,10：00时与上浮率相关性较大的指标是碳水化合物（P〈0.01）,14：00是溶解氧（P〈0.01）,22：00是碳水化合物（P〈0.05）与氨氮（P〈0.01）,相关系数分别达到0.896、0.887、0.887、0.860。