两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明:万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis sp.)占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个(大坝、野鸭滩和革布)检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点(革布)质量浓度超标,另外3个点(坝艾、坝达章和九里堡)未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点(大坝、岩脚寨和码头)均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是:2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

太湖不同湖区蓝藻细胞裂解速率的空间差异

2009年在太湖蓝藻水华形成初期(五月)、盛发期(九月)和衰亡期(十月和十一月),运用基于颗粒态酯酶,溶解性酯酶以及酯酶衰变常数测定的酯酶活性方法对不同湖区(藻型和草型湖区)蓝藻的细胞裂解速率进行了计算,在测定颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性时,同步分析了太湖优势种群中蓝藻叶绿素a的含量.统计分析结果表明,叶绿素a的浓度与颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性有很好的相关性,说明以酯酶活性为指标来计算太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率是可行的.对不同湖区的细胞裂解速率进行比较,可见湖心和西太湖在蓝藻水华形成初期细胞裂解速率分别为0.072,0.048d-1.水华盛发期以及水华衰亡期,湖心和西太湖的细胞裂解速率分别为0.074～0.770d-1,0.014～0.110d-1.太湖湖心磷酸盐浓度比西太湖低,所以蓝藻生长速率慢,导致细胞裂解速率比西太湖高.但是,在梅梁湾和贡湖,衰亡末期磷酸盐浓度比其它月份高,细胞裂解速率也高.4个采样点在衰亡末期的细胞裂解速率比水华形成初期,暴发期和衰亡初期要高,可能的原因是气温和水体温度下降导致蓝藻生长速度减慢.本研究结果表明,太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率有明显的空间差异,其具体的影响因素很多,营养盐只是其中一个.     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether

The toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was tested and assessed for a 15-d incubation with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was in the range 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurred during the day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% w...     

水绵（Spirogyra）对蓝藻复苏及藻类群落结构的影响

通过采集富营养化水体中的底泥与上覆水,在自然光照条件下建立了模拟自然水体的实验装置,并设置了高（42mg.L-1）、低（21mg.L-1）、空白（0mg.L-1）3个水平的水绵添加量,研究了不同剂量的水绵对水华蓝藻（以微囊藻为主）复苏过程及藻类群落结构的影响,同时考察了充足的营养盐在实验中所起的作用.整个实验在藻类的复...     

蓝藻藻华规模化清除技术应用研究

在实验室试验的基础上,基于气浮原理开发了规模化清除蓝藻藻华方法（专利号：200810058076．4）和藻水分离技术（专利号：200710065795．4、200710066435．6、200710066251．X）,使蓝藻藻华清除率〉95％,实际应用于滇池和太湖大规模清除蓝藻藻华,为蓝藻藻华的治理提供了一种有效的技术方法。     

太湖表层底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化

为了研究太湖底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的时空变化,分别于2010年冬季(2月)、春季(4月)和夏季(6月)采集太湖不同湖区底泥样品,应用基于mcyA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和实时定量PCR(QPCR)技术分析底泥样品.结果表明,产毒蓝藻在太湖底泥中分布广泛,其群落结构和种群丰度存在空间和季节差异性:不同湖区间群落组成相似性系数变化范围为67%～97%;冬季、春季和夏季底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构的香农多样性指数变化范围分别为2.774～3.392、1.649～2.619和0.681～1.996,呈逐渐下降趋势;且香农多样性指数与样品中优势基因型所占比例呈极显著负相关(p<0.01,r=-0.95);从冬季到夏季,底泥中蓝藻复苏进入水体中,产毒蓝藻种群丰度逐渐降低.底泥中产毒蓝藻群落结构和种群丰度的动态变化与温度、光照、溶解氧、电导率和pH值密切相关.     

Spatial heterogeneity of cyanobacterial communities and genetic variation of Microcystis populations within large, shallow eutrophic lakes (Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, China)

Cyanobacteria, specifically Microcystis, usually form massive blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Cyanobacterial samples were collected from eight sites of both Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu in late summer to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and Microcystis in large, shallow, entropic lakes with significant spatial heterogeneity and long-term Microcystis bloom. Molecular methods based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis were used. A similar heterogeneous distribution pattern of cyanobacteria in both lakes was observed. Most parts of these two lakes with high trophic level were dominated by Microcystis. However, in the regions with low trophic levels as well as low concentrations of chlorophyll a, Synechococcus occupied a considerable percentage. Different morphospecies and genotypes dominated the bloom-forming Microcystis populations in these two lakes. Microcystis viridis and Microcystis novacekii were dominant in Lake Chaohu, whereas Microcystis flos-aquae was dominant in Lake Taihu. Only 2 of the13 Microcystis operational taxonomic units were shared between these two lakes. Analysis of molecular variance based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequences indicated the significant genetic differentiation of Microcystis between these two lakes (F_st = 0.19, p < 0.001). However, only 19.46% of the genetic variability was explained by the population variation between lakes, whereas most (80.54%) of the genetic variability occurred within the lakes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no phylogeographic structure of Microcystis population in these two lakes, as illustrated by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results revealed that spatial heterogeneity within lakes has more impact on the cyanobacterial diversity than geographical isolation in a local scale.     

Evaluation and sensitivity of cyanobacteria,Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 for heavy metals stress – a step toward biosensor

This study attempted to determine the effects of heavy metals on the photosynthetic blue-green algae for their potential to use as a biosensor. The bioaccumulation of metals and its effects on pigments of Nostoc muscorum and Synechococcus PCC 7942 were assessed. The culture was grown in BG 11 liquid medium supplied with different metals like mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) and incubated (µM 20 concentrations) for 10 days under optimal conditions. The accumulated amounts of metals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The stress effects on photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a (Chl a) were monitored by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Bio-concentration factor (BCF) reached a peak in cells on the 2nd day of incubation followed by a gradual reduction. The highest reduction in the pigment concentrations (Chl a and β carotene) was observed at 20?µM?L^?1 Hg treatment. The results indicate that, cyanobacteria may serve as both potential species to be used as a biosensor and used to clean up heavy metals from contaminated water. These changes were analyzed with the long-term goal of exploiting cyanobacterial cells as biosensors.     

Differential effects of UV-B radiation fluence rates on growth,photosynthesis, and phosphate metabolism in two cyanobacteria under copper toxicity

This work was undertaken to ascertain the impact of different fluence rates of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on two cyanobacterial biofertilizers, Phormidium foveolarum and Nostoc muscorum, growing under copper toxicity. Copper (2 and 5?µmol?L^?1) and high UV-B fluence rate (UV-B_H; 1.0?µmol?m^?2?s^?1) decreased the growth, pigment content, photosynthetic oxygen yield, phosphate uptake, and acid phosphatase activity in both the strains analyzed after 24 and 72?h of experiments, and combined exposure further enhanced the toxic effects. Respiration and alkaline phosphatase activities were stimulated appreciably. The damaging effect was shown on the order on pigments: phycocyanin?>?chlorophyll a?>?carotenoids, and on photosystems: whole chain photosynthetic reaction?>?photosystem II?>?photosystem I. Partial recovery in the photosystem II activity in the presence of artificial electron donors; diphenyl carbazide (DPC), hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), and manganese chloride (MnCl₂) pointed out the interruption of electron flow on the oxidation side of photosystem II. Unlike UV-B_H, low UV-B fluence rate (UV-B_L; 0.1?µmol?m^?2?s^?1), rather than causing damaging effect partially, alleviated the toxic effects of Cu. This study suggests that the cyanobacterium P. foveolarum is less sensitive against UV-B_H and excess Cu (2 and 5?µmol?L^?1), thus P. foveolarum may be used as a biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture.     

Comparison of four methods for the extraction of lipopolysaccharide from cyanobacteria

Four procedures were compared for the extraction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 10 laboratory strains of cyanobacteria. LPS yields as a percentage of cyanobacterial dry weight ranged from 0.03 to 6.13. The heterotrophic bacterial LPS marker 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonoic (KDO) acid was not detectable in any of the cyanobacterial LPS preparations. All methods yielded LPS that contained biologically- and toxicologically-significant quantities of the cyanotoxin microcystin, when applied to some, but not all, microcystin-producing cyanobacterial strains. Of the four methods used, a procedure including Proteinase K, plus RNase and DNase, performed best overall on the basis of minimum time required, higher percentage yields of LPS, and minimal co-extraction of microcystin.