高压均质对蓝藻有机质释放与厌氧发酵产酸的促进效果

为提高蓝藻在厌氧发酵过程中的资源化利用率,采用高压均质技术处理蓝藻以提高其厌氧发酵产VFAs（挥发性脂肪酸）的效率,通过对蓝藻进行不同压力和pH的高压均质处理,比较处理后蓝藻营养物质的释放情况,并确定该处理的优选运行条件;同时,对未处理蓝藻、高压均质蓝藻、热碱蓝藻进行厌氧发酵试验,评估高压均质处理对蓝藻发酵产酸效果的影响.结果表明:不同条件下高压均质的蓝藻所释放的有机质均较处理前有所提高,其中高压均质的优选条件为压力100 MPa和pH=11,该条件下ρ（SCOD）（SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量）可达22.74 g/L,比对照组提高了52.34倍.在厌氧发酵试验中,高压均质处理在促进有机质释放的同时,还可以提高底物的可生化性,进而提升产酸量.高压均质蓝藻产VFAs的质量浓度最高达8.22 g/L,是对照组的2.16倍.另外,高压均质处理蓝藻的CST（毛细吸水时间）由热碱预处理蓝藻的2 940 s降至1 940 s,减缓了有机质释放带来的脱水性能的恶化趋势.研究显示,高压均质预处理能够提高蓝藻细胞有机质释放、改善碳源可生化性、促进厌氧发酵产酸量,并且降低了分离回收碳源的难度.      

青霉素处理分离蓝藻细胞液泡

分别用 8 2 0 0u/mL ,15 30 0u/mL ,1880 0u/mL和 30 80 0u/mL的青霉素处理培养 4d的 4种蓝藻 :鱼腥藻sp .5 95 (Anabaenasp .5 95 )、念珠藻sp .96 (Nostocsp.96 )、织线藻 2 46 (Plectonemaboryanum 2 46 )和赖氏鞘丝藻〔LyngbyalargerheimiiMab (Gom)〕 ,处理时间为 2 4h ,各藻有不同程度的细胞破裂并且释放液泡 ,液泡释放率分别为 1.80 % ,2 .18% ,0 .48%和 0 .2 8% .图 4表 1参 16     

Seven microcystins from Microcystis waterbloom in Lake Dalai,China

Seven types of microcystins,isolated from Microcystis waterbloom in Lake Dalai, were characterized.The major toxins:MCYST-LR,MCYST-RR,[D-Asp³]MCYST-LR and [Dha⁷]MCYST-LR were identified by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),as compared with the authentic microcystins.The minor toxins:MCYST FR,[L-Mser⁷]MCYST-LR and an unknown MCYST which was most likely to be MCYST-(H₄)YR were identified with fritfast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(Frit-FAB LC/MS)and amino acid analysis.The toxigenic diversity in blue-green algae(cyanobacteria)was discussed.     

蓝藻水华研究进展及预防控方法初探

介绍了浅水湖泊蓝藻水华发生机制以及近年来水华预测预报模型研究进展,指出在预测预报模型的支持下进行水华的预防控是当前治理水华危害的最有效途径;结合现有的应急治理水华原理提出新型预防控水华设想,为杜绝水华灾害提供新思路。     

FDA-PI双色荧光法检测蓝藻细胞活性的研究

对FDA-PI双色荧光法检测水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的活性进行了研究,用荧光显微镜对染色结果进行测定.结果表明,在蓝色光激发下(495nm),活细胞被双醋酸荧光素FDA染成亮绿色,死亡细胞被碘化丙锭PI染成红色.染色效率与原植体类型和细胞密度有关.对细胞密度为6×107—7×109个·l-1的铜绿微囊藻,FDA染色效率可达94%以上.对细胞密度为4×107—5×108个·l-1的水华鱼腥藻,FDA染色效率可达91%以上,但细胞密度增大到5×109个·l-1时,由于藻丝体易卷曲在一起,FDA染色率下降到67%.对死亡细胞,PI染色率基本都可达到100%.因此,用FDA-PI检测活细胞和死亡细胞混合的细胞悬液,可根据细胞所发出的不同荧光而判断细胞活性.     

Physiological effects of tetracycline antibiotic pollutants on non-target aquatic Microcystis aeruginosa

This study aimed to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of three typical tetracycline antibiotics, including tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline, on the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The cell density, chlorophyll a content, protein content, and enzymatic antioxidant activities were determined. The results showed that the cell growth was significantly inhibited by the three compounds at a low concentration. The chlorophyll a and protein content decreased significantly after exposure to 0.05 mg L^?1 of each compound for 9 d. When exposed to 0.2–1 mg L^?1 of tetracycline, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased, but peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased. In contrast, when exposed to oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline at different concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1 mg L^?1 and from 0.01 to 0.05 mg L^?1, the SOD activity decreased, but the POD and CAT activities increased. These findings indicate that tetracycline antibiotics influence cell growth and protein synthesis, and they also induce oxidative stress in M. aeruginosa at environmentally similar concentrations. Thus, this study may provide further insights into the toxic effects of tetracycline antibiotics and the controlled use of antibiotics.     

Organic matter produced by algae and cyanobacteria: Quantitative and qualitative characterization

This work aims at characterizing organic matter produced by an alga Euglena gracilis and a cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and assessing the evolution of its characteristics during growth. A culture medium was optimized. The species growth phases were monitored using both visible spectrophotometry and flow cytometry cell counting. Organic matter fractionation according to hydrophobicity and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) index were used to specifically characterize the produced algal organic matter (AOM). The AOM characteristics were both growth phase and species dependent. However, a similar evolution was observed. The hydrophilic fraction (HPI) was the major fraction whatever the growth phases and was almost the only one produced during lag and exponential phases. It represented around 75% of AOM during exponential phase and then decreased when the stationary phase appeared. It represented 46% and 60% of the AOM during late decline phase for the cyanobacteria and the alga respectively. The hydrophobic (HPO) and transphilic (TPH) fractions started to appear from the beginning of the stationary phase with more hydrophobic compounds coming from intracellular organic material of dying cells. HPO and TPH percentages still increased during the decline phase probably because of two additional processes: photo-dissolution and leaching of particulate organic matter from cells fragments. A comparison of AOM during late decline phase and natural organic matter (NOM) from Glane River (France) underlined that AOM was more hydrophilic and presented a lower SUVA for each fractions than NOM. However, the difference between NOM and AOM hydrophobicity narrowed during decline phase.     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

滇池外海规模化控养水葫芦局部死亡原因分析

为了找出外海规模化控养水葫芦(E.crassipes)局部死亡的原因,于2013年8月对控养水域水葫芦空白对照区、健壮区、轻度枯死区以及重度枯死区的水质理化性质、蓝藻生物量及水生植物病理学等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明:轻度和重度枯死区蓝藻生物量高达(4.21±0.49)×109 cells/L和(757.00±19.00)×109 cells/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区(0.14±0.09)×109 cells/L和(1.46±0.11)×109 cells/L(P0.05);NH+4-N浓度为11.44±0.02mg/L和369.87±15.37mg/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区0.32±0.01mg/L和0.34±0.01mg/L(P0.05);轻度和重度枯死区溶氧仅1.40±0.13mg/L和0.30±0.04mg/L显著低于空白区和健壮区的7.70±0.83mg/L和6.80±0.97mg/L(P0.05);枯死区水体氧化还原电位(Eh)较低,重度死亡区水体Eh为-279.70±29.70mv显著低于其他3处水域。并且,通过对枯死水葫芦常规病理学检测,并未发现病变迹象。由此推断:水葫芦死亡原因可能主要由下风向种养区蓝藻过量堆积死亡,致使水质恶化,水体严重缺氧,进而引起水体NH+4-N浓度过高,最终导致水葫芦死亡。这为今后种养水葫芦进行水体生态修复理论研究与实践运用提供借鉴和参考,也为利用水葫芦作为蓝藻拦截带,在水葫芦影响下的湖泊营养物质迁移与氮、磷、碳循环动力学提出了新的研究内容。     

适宜太湖蓝藻水华形成的风场辐散特征及其形成机制

对太湖周边17个气象观测站的7年常规观测资料聚类分析发现,在适宜蓝藻水华形成的高温、微风气象条件下,太湖湖面风场往往出现辐散特征,在此辐散风场的驱动下,蓝藻水华迁移过程必然与均匀风场驱动下有所不同;数值模拟结果显示,这种辐散风场是由于非绝热加热不均匀造成的局地次级环流叠加在弱的背景风场之上引起的;其强弱程度是受湖陆温差和背景风速共同决定的,并据此给出了湖面风场辐散强度指数.