旋风除尘器筒体倾斜角的仿真与优化

旋风除尘器结构简单、造价低廉、能耗极低,故得以长期应用,但其除尘效率因设计方法比较粗糙一般在60%以下,从而限制了其使用范围。很多结构参数均影响除尘器的效率,其中除尘器筒体的倾斜角度对效率的影响程度最高。以有限元理论为基础,以Fluent软件为工具,对关于除尘效率与倾斜角度依赖关系进行了系列仿真和优化,得出结论:若空气中颗粒物直径大于2.5μm,除尘器倾斜角为12.4°时,其除尘效率理论上可达到97%以上。通过实验初步验证了上述结果的可信度。     

基于大涡模拟的旋风分离器内流场数值模拟研究

为了研究旋风分离器内流场的运动状况,借助Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟,基于曲线坐标系的SIMPLEC算法,对切向入口的Stairmand旋风分离器内流场进行了三维数值模拟研究。数值结果表明,大涡模拟适合于三维强旋流的流场模拟,分离器内部的流动空间可分为内、外2个流动区域,在不同的流动区域中,气体压力、速度场的分布有较大的差异。而且压力分布与速度分布不是绝对的轴对称分布。数值模拟结果对其设计优化研究有一定的应用价值。     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

旋风分离器压力损失的数学模型及在设计中的应用

从理论上分析了旋风分离器压力损失的成因及影响因素,建立了旋风分离器压力损失的数学模型,解决了旋风分离器设计过程中压力损失的计算问题,将模型应用于实际工业型旋风分离器的设计得到的实际压力损失与数学模型的计算结果吻合良好。数学模型对旋风分离器的设计有较大的参考价值。     

热带气旋影响下的电网应急案例框架构建研究

在我国电网防灾抗灾体系中,因风灾等自然灾害影响具有持续性,造成应急准备阶段对灾害演变过程认知不足而引发响应阶段抢修故障。热带气旋是导致电网破坏严重的自然灾害之一,近些年发生率高于以往同期。风灾是阶段变化的,情景又是动态演变的。针对热带气旋的影响,考虑其不同影响阶段构建应急案例,可在应急响应行动过程,有效准确的面对风灾特性而带来的抢修故障。提出电网风灾的案例框架构建方法,并结合风灾的特点进行框架分类,可有效应对灾害的不确定性从而增加案例可用度。同时对风灾案例库建设、抗台演习演练与实际应对三种目的下的案例进行属性约简,依热带气旋演变,将案例个体拆分化采取逐步多次检索生成可行预案,从而提高响应效率。     

改进旋风器结构提高除尘效率的新方法

讨论改变旋风器整体结构，增加附件，改进原有旋风器构件的几种改进结构新做法，分析这些做法提高除尘效率的合理性。     

A preliminary study on mortality attributed to tropical cyclones in Taiwan 2000–2014

Studies on mortality attributed to tropical cyclones often concern large-scale disasters. Attention is rarely paid to small-scale mortality over the long term. To understand the relationship between the environment and the behavior that contributes to mortality, this article uses a classification table to review the 1556 deaths attributed to tropical cyclones, named typhoons, in Taiwan during the period 2000–2014. The results demonstrate that the majority of outdoor deaths are associated with work-related activities, while most indoor deaths occur during non-work-related activities. Taking action, such as stopping the car on a bridge if the tail lights of a vehicle in front disappear, and not walking on the roadside when the road is flooded by muddy water, may help to reduce the likelihood of typhoon-attributed death. The findings also help to dispel four myths associated with typhoon-attributed mortality.     

袋式除尘器和旋风除尘器的性能及其应用的比较

文章简要介绍了袋式除尘器和旋风除尘器的产生背景和发展历史,说明了两种除尘器的一般结构和工作原理。重点介绍了袋式除尘器和旋风除尘器的性能及其影响因素,并对两者在实际中的应用做了比较,比较结果显示:旋风除尘器主要优点表现在受含尘气体的浓度、温度限制小,对于粉尘的物理性质无特殊要求;压力损失中等,动力消耗不大,运转、维护费用较低;袋式除尘器的主要优点是除尘效率高,特别是对微细粉尘的处理能达到较为理想的效果。由此分析预测了两种除尘器在中国的应用及其发展趋势。     

Applying a problem-solving scenario in risk communication of low probability events

ABSTRACT

This study proposes a problem-solving scenario approach to enhance risk communication of low probability events, and aims to understand the effects of such an approach. An experiment was conducted in order to understand the comparative effects of presenting a casualty case with photos and demonstrating a problem scenario via an animation of participants’ anticipated responses to a simulated life-or-death choice. Forty-eight and 55 valid samples were collected respectively for two groups of participants. The results reveal a higher proportion of appropriate responses in the group presented with a problem scenario. Gender difference is found in the group exposed to a problem scenario - a larger percentage of males appear to respond more appropriately when presented with a life-threatening scenario without having being told what has happened. Having the ability to drive an automobile, which is presumably relevant to participants’ responses in a scenario associated with driving, does not, however, appear to differ significantly between the groups. The finding suggests that using a problem-solving scenario approach, compared with merely offering potential consequences of risks is more effective in stimulating appropriate responses to prevent casualty for information users.     

台风过程珠江三角洲边界层特征及其对空气质量的影响

利用2006年7月珠江三角洲南北向3个点为期1个月的小球测风、低空探空资料及9个地面气象站逐时风向、风速资料,通过计算和分析风、温梯度资料,研究了台风过程珠江三角洲边界层特征及其对珠江三角洲地区空气质量的影响,重点分析了台风下沉气流影响导致灰霾天气期间的边界层结构.结果表明,2006年7月珠江三角洲地区空气质量主要受2个台风过程影响,当台风中心位于粤东及福建以东海域时,台风外围的下沉气流会对珠江三角洲地区的空气质量产生强烈影响,出现灰霾天气.在台风登陆前出现灰霾日时,珠江三角洲被均压场所控制,大部分区域为静小风,沿海地区会出现局地的海陆风,边界层风速较小.在200~500m低空会出现逆温层,同时最大混合层高度迅速下降到不足500m.