氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂废水排放口附近的污泥中分离到1株能降解氯氰菊酯的细菌LQ-3.根据其形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.FJ222585)序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Starkeya sp..LQ-3菌株只能以共代谢方式降解氯氰菊酯,在有酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质存在的条件下,5 d内对20 mg·L-1氯氰菊酯的降解率达到72.1%.LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30 ℃左右,pH值为7～8.LQ-3菌株还能降解功夫菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和溴氰菊酯.酶的定域试验表明,LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的酶属于胞外酶.     

南开菊酯微生物降解的研究

南开菊酯(高效反体氯氰菊酯),是一种新型广谱杀虫剂,经研究可被微生物降解。其溶液中细菌总数的消长,与其降解速率呈正相关关系,说明南开菊酯可被微生物分解利用,在研究土壤混合菌对其降解作用的同时,发现筛选出优势菌株(NK102)。     

Adsorption behavior of α -cypermethrin on cork and activated carbon

Studies were undertaken to determine the adsorption behavior of α -cypermethrin [R)-α -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(1S)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] in solutions on granules of cork and activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibrium technique. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to analyze α -cypermethrin after solid phase extraction with C18 disks. Physical properties including real density, pore volume, surface area and pore diameter of cork were evaluated by mercury porosimetry. Characterization of cork particles showed variations thereby indicating the highly heterogeneous structure of the material. The average surface area of cork particles was lower than that of GAC. Kinetics adsorption studies allowed the determination of the equilibrium time—24 hours for both cork (1–2 mm and 3–4 mm) and GAC. For the studied α -cypermethrin concentration range, GAC revealed to be a better sorbent. However, adsorption parameters for equilibrium concentrations, obtained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, showed that granulated cork 1–2 mm have the maximum amount of adsorbed α-cypermethrin (q_m) (303 μg/g); followed by GAC (186 μ g/g) and cork 3-4 mm (136 μg/g). The standard deviation (SD) values, demonstrate that Freundlich model better describes the α -cypermethrin adsorption phenomena on GAC, while α -cypermethrin adsorption on cork (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) is better described by the Langmuir. In view of the adsorption results obtained in this study it appears that granulated cork may be a better and a cheaper alternative to GAC for removing α -cypermethrin from water.     

Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB

The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined. D. magna HB was exposed to cypermethrin at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L for 24 h. Data showed that the 24 h-LG50 of cypermthrin on D. magna HB was 4.81 mg/L. In contrast, the 24 h-LC50 of K2Cr2O7 (the national standard toxicant) to Daphnia magna was 0.38 mg/L in the current study. Results indicated that the Daphnia magna was very sensitive to pesticides. In addition, the effects of the culture condition(such as hardness, temperature and DO etc. ) on Daphnia magna HB was also studied.     

Potential exposure of children and adults to cypermethrin following use of indoor insecticide foggers

The magnitude and distribution of cypermethrin from total release, over-the-counter foggers was studied in a test room and in residences to facilitate evaluation of regulatory exposure algorithms and new human exposure assessments based upon urine biomonitoring. Surface residue (SR) was evenly distributed in a small test room (3.6 μ g cypermethrin/cm²) where thorough mixing of the aerosol occurred. In a residence SR was significantly affected by room size and distance from the fogger. Air levels in the residence were as high as 30 μ g cypermethrin/cm³ after 4.5 h. The availability of surface residues was measured with an automated surface cotton cloth wipe and ethyl acetate extraction. Only 5% of the SR was available from nylon carpet. Tile, wood and linoleum resulted in 30, 10, and 10% of SR being available, respectively. These data are used to estimate cypermethrin exposure of children and adults for comparison with existing regulatory reference dosages and exposure assessments based upon biomonitoring.     

铜绿假单胞菌GF31降解土壤中氯氰菊酯的性能研究

利用实验室分离获得铜绿假单胞菌GF31(Pseudomonas aeruginosa GF31,简称菌株GF31),采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)分析技术,开展菌株GF31在实际土壤环境中对氯氰菊酯的降解特性和降解产物研究,并进行了模拟田间实验.结果表明,在土壤中菌株GF31降解氯氰菊酯的主要产物为二氯菊酸和间苯...     

红球菌CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的特性及途径

以一株降解氯氰菊酯的红球菌(Rhodococcussp.)CDT3为材料,研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的最适条件(温度、pH值、接种量、培养时间、添加营养物).结果表明,在温度30℃,pH8.0时,CDT3对氯氰菊酯的降解率最高,添加少量葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母汁均能促进它对氯氰菊酯的降解.研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的代谢途径,通过GC-MS分析,证实氯氰菊酯被CDT3降解后的产物是3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)和二氯菊酸(DCVA),推测氯氰菊酯是由CDT3产生的羧酸酯酶降解的,作为验证,提取了CDT3的粗酶液,并且通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)检测了羧酸酯酶.     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

高效氯氰菊酯急性暴露中斑马鱼相关酶活性和基因表达变化

高效氯氰菊酯广泛地应用于农业生产及日常生活中的害虫防治,但对水生生物却毒性极高。为探究高效氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼的急性毒性,以总超氧化物歧化酶(总SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活性以及相关的基因表达量变化为检测指标,研究其对斑马鱼成鱼的影响。急性毒性试验结果显示,高效氯氰菊酯对斑马鱼属剧毒物质,斑马鱼的急性中毒症状为身体蜷曲、抽搐,鳃盖扇动加快,游动能力减弱,间歇性出现无规律急速游动和撞壁行为。酶活测定结果显示,斑马鱼组织中总SOD、CAT和ACh E活性与高效氯氰菊酯呈现低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制的剂量效应关系;相关基因表达量的检测结果显示,高效氯氰菊酯会诱导斑马鱼肝脏、肠和脑中Sod1、Cat以及Ache的m RNA表达上调。研究表明,高效氯氰菊酯的神经毒性和氧化损伤共同造成了斑马鱼的中毒甚至死亡。     

Acute effects of low-dose cypermethrin on male rat cells

Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin were investigated following intradermal dose (5–50 mM) of cypermethrin to male albino Wistar rats. Glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hemoglobin, blood RBC, and WBC content were determined 6 h after pesticide administration. Biochemical parameters and blood cell count changed significantly in treated rats at all doses. Low-dose cypermethrin affected early biochemical changes in rats.