Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods in quantifying fenitrothion residues in grape juice processed into alcoholic drinks

Abstract

Wine and Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, were prepared from grape juice fortified with fenitrothion to a concentration of 20ppm. Samples of the 11 fractions produced by the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for fenitrothion residues using gas chromatography (GC) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of residue analyses showed that the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.978) and indicated that fenitrothion was stable during the fermentation steps but not during distillation. The clarified wine 35 days later contained about 85% (15.3 ppm) of the fenitrothion concentration found in the juice as determined by GC analysis. Arak was prepared by a two‐steps distillation of the clarified wine. The alcohol distillate and undistilled fraction from the first distillation contained 2.5 ppm and 5.8 ppm of fenitrothion, respectively. No fenitrothion residues were detected by both techniques in the four fractions collected from the second distillation step.     

83—1除草剂和速杀威杀虫剂的小鼠耳肿致敏试验

本文采用较新的致敏性检测方法小鼠耳肿实验对８３—１除草剂和纯中药杀虫剂速杀威进行了检测。实验共设６个组，包括：速杀威原液，１０％速杀威，０．１６％８３—１，０．３２％８３—１及阴性和阳性对照组。结果显示４个受试物组在致敏后２４小时和４８小时均未观察到致敏作用，说明该受试物在此条件下不具致敏性，同时也验证了小鼠耳肿试验用于有色受试物检测致敏性的优越性。     

氯氰菊酯废水物化和生化处理的研究

对氯氰菊酯生产废水进行了物化预处理和生化处理试验,物化预处理工艺路线为高温高压氧化法,最佳温度为２２０℃,对庆压力为３．５４ＭＰａ,最佳时间为１ｈ。废水经预处理后,ＣＯＤ从４３１００ｍｇ／Ｌ降至１７３００ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率为６０％;氰含量从３６４０ｍｇ／ＫＬ降至小于１ｍｇ／Ｌ,去除率高达９９．９％;出水ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ上升至０．３４。     

印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。     

自制新型液相色谱柱同时测定土壤中两种农药

用自制的新型N-苄氧羰基-(-)-L-苯甘氨酰-(-)-L-苯甘氨酰基键合硅胶液相色谱固定相(简称BCPGPG色谱固定相)在正相条件下对土壤中氰戊聚酯和氯氰菊酯两种农药进行了分析与测定,建立了可同时测定土壤中的氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯含量的正相高效液相色谱方法。样品用流动相(正己烷/二氯甲烷=8/1,V/V)溶解,过滤,然后以BCPGPG固定相柱进行色谱分离,在254nm处进行测定。结果表明,氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯的质量浓度为0～2.0mg/L时其峰面积与质量浓度的线形关系良好;批间(n=4)测定的平均相对偏差(RSD)分别为5.70%和5.5%;回收率分别为81.0%～96%和88.0%～96.7%。该方法适合于测定氰戊聚酯和氯氰菊酯两种农药的含量测定,方法准确,操作简便。     

单甲脒农药对草型塘模型生态系统影响的初步研究

在室外中等规模草型塘模型生态系统（Ｖ＝３ｍ＾３）中，实验研究了国产新农药单甲脒盐酸盐水剂对池塘生态系统结构与功能的影响，在１２．５、２５．０和５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的农药浓度下１周左右，大型水生植物，浮游植物，浮游动物，底栖动物均受到不同程度的损伤的破坏，种类，密度，多样性指数下降，高浓度组中浮游生物全部消亡；水层中的好氧异养菌数量则明显增加，单甲脒浓度越高异养菌数量加越多，与此同时，群落产氧量减少，呼     

杀虫剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

在室内培养条件下,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮质量分数为200 mg·kg^-1）中分别添加不同剂量（在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1）的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对土壤温室气体CO2、N2O和CH4排放过程的影响。结果表明：和空白相比,施用尿素明显地增加了土壤中温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的排放无明显影响。当施用5 mg·kg^-1吡虫啉时,土壤中N2O和CO2排放总量和尿素处理相比无明显差异,但吡虫啉用量上升至10和50 mg·kg^-1时则显著降低了温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量（P〈0.05）,N2O排放量分别降低了26.89%和53.10%,CO2排放量分别降低15.14%和13.79%。毒死蜱在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1三种用量时土壤的N2O排放量与尿素处理相比均无明显差异。毒死蜱在5和10 mg·kg^-1用量时则明显抑制了土壤CO2的排放（p〈0.05）,分别比尿素处理降低了19.88%和19.02%;用量上升到50 mg·kg^-1用量时,土壤的CO2排放量与尿素处理相比无差异。吡虫啉和毒死蜱对CH4排放量均没有明显影响。可见,杀虫剂施用明显影响到土壤温室气体的排放,但不同杀虫剂品种及其用量的效应也存在明显差异。     

Pesticide Contamination of Jamaican Environment. II. Insecticide Residues in the Rivers and Shrimps of Rio Cobre Basin, 1982–1996

Only organochlorine (OC) residues were monitored by gas chromatographyin water, sediment and shrimp samples collected everymonth between July 1982 and August 1983 from therivers of Rio Cobre basin. In samples collected everyfour months during 1989–1990, and seven times duringJuly 1995–March 1996, OC and OP (organophosphates)residues were monitored. Carbamate and pyrethroidresidues were not monitored. The detection ofresidues in 1982–1983 was 54 to 100% in water andsediment, and 83 to 100% in shrimp samples fromvarious sampling stations in the four rivers. In otheryears, it ranged from about 40 to 100% in the threetypes of samples.In 1982–1983, DDE and dieldrin residues were found tobe much higher than those of lindane and - and-endosulfan in Black River, Rio Pedro, ThomasRiver and Rio Cobre in the watershed. The ranges ofmeans of each residue in water (g L^-1), sediment(ng g^-1) and shrimp (ng g^-1) samples, respectively, were:DDE, 0.059–102.0, 3.44–13.97, 0.344–14.57;dieldrin, 0.026–173.6, 1.21–2.75, 0.427–5.59;-endosulfan, bdl, 1.75–4.00, bdl;-endosulfan, bdl (below detectable limits), 2.51–9.48, bdl;and lindane, (bdl), 0.110–0.319, 2.90.In 1989–1990 and 1995–1996, residues of six OCs and two OPs were detected quite regularly. DDE, dieldrinand Chlorpyrifos residues were much higher than thoseof the other insecticides. The range of their meansin water (g L^-1), sediment and shrimp (ng g^-1),respectively, were: DDE, 1.66–19.76, 0.941–5.84,1.11–8.32; dieldrin, 0.077–7.22, 0.425–3.31,0.385–1.59; -endosulfan, 0.034–1.25, 0.021–1.22, 0.032–3.62; -endosulfan, 0.665–1.23,0.008–3.60, 0.005–3.97; endosulfan sulphate, 0.959–1.34, 0.035–3.08, 0.012–1.80; lindane, bdl,0.005–0.82, 1.19–1.56; chlorpyrifos, 0.702–4.06,0.005–1.51, 0.156–7.04; and diazinon, bdl, 0–0.150, 0.001–0.006. At the mouth of the river, whereit discharges into the sea, the levels of almost allthe residues were higher than upstream.     

氯氰菊酯对唐鱼肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

在实验室条件下采用静水法生物测试,研究了氯氰菊酯对唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)的急性毒性及其对肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,氯氰菊酯对唐鱼24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为27.27、15.94、10.13、6.61μg·L-1;经1、3、5μg·L-1浓度处理6、12、24、48、72h,结果显示唐鱼SOD在低浓度氯氰菊酯的胁迫下呈现明显的浓度效应关系,将唐鱼SOD作为农药等污染物的污染指标具有重要的应用前景,为安全使用农药和防止水体污染提供有益的理论参考依据。