Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

SBR法降解处理日化厂废水的实验研究

日化厂废水成分复杂,其中表面活性剂、含P化合物、油脂、色素等严重污染生态环镜,较难处理.本文采用小规模的间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)生物反应器降解处理日化厂废水,分析了废水降解过程中污泥体积指数、污泥负荷、容积负荷等微生物学的特性变化,并讨论了曝气时间、污泥负荷、容积负荷对污染物去除率的影响.结果表明,通过对普通活性污泥的培养与驯化,利用SBR工艺降解处理日化厂废水是可行的.当曝气时间为4.5 h,污泥负荷为1.2 kg/(kg·d)(以MLSS计的COD),容积负荷为2.1～2.3g/(L·d)时,COD、油脂、总磷、表面活性剂(SAA)、SO42-等的去除率分别可达92.3%,99.1%,99.3%,99.3%,99.0%和98.9%.     

1999-2008年湖南省暴雨特征分析

分析了1999-2008年湖南省暴雨的时空特征,并从地形和低空气流、水汽条件等方面分析了该省暴雨时空分异的原因。分析结果表明:(1)春季和夏季暴雨总日数较多;春季,湖南东部的西北、中部和西南部暴雨日数较多,且东部比西部暴雨总日数多;夏季西北和东南暴雨日数较多;秋季,东部暴雨总日数比西部多;冬季,暴雨分布在岳阳-益阳、株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部-邵阳南部这两条西南-东部走向的带状区域。(2)春季,湖南北部和西部日暴雨降水较多;夏季,湖南山区日暴雨降水较多,日暴雨降水从东南至西北呈多-少-多的带状分布。秋季,在临湘-平江-长沙县、长沙市域、望城-湘潭-衡山-衡阳市域-祁东-祁阳、永州市、双牌-蓝山、临武、嘉禾这一带状区域暴雨日平均降水较多;冬季,株洲北部-衡阳北部-永州北部邵阳南部一带的平均日暴雨降水较多。(3)冷暖气流交汇、山地对暖湿气流阻挡以及山地有利于湖南平原地区暖气团维持是该省暴雨时空分布一个重要原因。(4)春季和夏季水汽条件相对秋季和冬季充足,导致春季、夏季暴雨比秋季和冬季暴雨要多。     

大连市区近地面臭氧污染规律研究及与PM2.5等污染物的相关性分析

2013年大连市区大气中臭氧日最大8小时平均值第90百分位为0.099毫克/立方米,符合二级标准（GB3095-2012）日最大8小时平均。点日最大8小时平均超标率为1.0%。春、秋两季的日最大8小时平均较大,但都符合二级标准,从月份变化看,5月的日最大8小时平均最高,12月最低,从24小时变化看,14时、15时和16时的臭氧均值最高,7时臭氧均值最低。从各点位变化看,傅家庄点位臭氧日最大8小时平均的第90百分位最高,双D港点位最低。大连市区臭氧与PM2.5和PM10的负相关性最好,相关系数均达到0.86以上,与二氧化氮、二氧化硫和一氧化碳也呈较好的负相关。     

气象参数对基于BP神经网络的PM2.5日均值预报模型的影响

建立了基于BP神经网络的PM2.5质量浓度预报模型,对广州市5个监测点2012年6月-2013年5月的PM2.5质量浓度日均值进行预报,分析了总体预报误差、不同风速和降雨量下的预报误差,以及天气预报误差对PM2.5质量浓度预报误差的影响.结果表明,BP神经网络模型对5个站点的PM2.5预报结果稳定,平均相对误差为29.71％.在有利于PM2.5扩散的气象条件下预报误差较大,风速较大时与风速较小时预报误差的差异高达15％,而不同降雨量情况下的预报误差较相近.修正天气预报后,各站点的预报误差平均降低了4.67％.这表明可从空气质量数据质量等方面人手改进模型.     

废弃日用品塑料中多溴联苯醚浸出特征及地下水健康风险

选择典型废弃日用品塑料,对特征处置场景下其PBDEs的浸出特征及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,日用品塑料在硫酸/硝酸、醋酸和腐殖酸溶液中达到溶出平衡时,∑21PBDEs释放量分别为20.00、63.65、125.60μg·kg-1,均以BDE209为主.进入生活垃圾填埋场的释放量高于堆存和简易填埋过程,在最不利条件下距填埋场下游500 m处地下水中PBDEs最大浓度为39.67μg·L-1,居民饮用地下水产生的非致癌风险指数为2.11×10-1,其中十溴代物(BDE209)的非致癌风险指数为1.85×10-1,均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.0),表明废旧日用品塑料可进入生活垃圾填埋场处置.     

Realistic approach of pesticide residues and French consumer exposure within fruit & vegetable intake

The increase of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases, but could also significantly increase pesticide exposure and may thus be of health concern. Following a previous pesticide exposure assessment study, the present study was carried out to determine actual levels of pesticides within 400 g of F&V intake and to evaluate consumer risk. Forty-three Active Substances (AS) exceeding 10 % of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in balanced menus established for our previous theoretical study were considered. Fifty-six pooled food samples were analyzed: 28 fruit samples and 28 vegetable samples. Pesticide values were compared to Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) and to the “toxicological credit” derived from ADI. It was observed that 23 out of the 43 retained AS were never detected, 5 were detected both in F&V samples, 12 only in fruits and 3 only in vegetables. The most frequently detected AS were carbendazim, iprodione and dithiocarbamates. When detected, AS were more frequently found in fruit samples (74 %) than in vegetable samples (26 %). A maximum of 3 AS were detected at once in a given sample. Overall, we observed 8 and 14 overruns of the MRL in 1204 measures in pooled vegetable and fruit samples, respectively (0.7 % and 1.2 % of cases, respectively). Chronic exposure for adults was the highest for dithiocarbamates but did not exceed 23.7 % of the ADI in F&V. It was concluded that raising both F&V consumption up to 400 g/day (～5 F&V/day) according to recommendations of the national health and nutrition plan, does not induce pesticide overexposure and should not represent a risk for the consumer.     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

Influence of intra- and interspecific competition on daily activity of common (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus arvalis</Emphasis>) and East European (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus rossiaemeridionalis</Emphasis>) voles in experiments

The influence of intra- and interspecific competition of common and East European voles on their daily activity was studied in 34-m² enclosures at the Chernogolovka Experimental Research Station (Moscow Region). Family groups of animals captured in the same biotopes were placed in enclosures and, 25 day later, their daily activity was observed. Thereafter, the animals were pooled and observations were repeated 25 days later. The experiment consisted of three stages. At the first stage, the daily activity, time budget, and social behavior of common voles were studied before and after pooling different family groups; at the second stage, the same was performed with East European voles; and at the third stage, with both species. The species proved to use different strategies for alleviating intraspecific competition: in common voles, this was segregation of ecological niches via desynchronization of daily activity; in East European voles, conversely, aggregation in groups and synchronization of activity. Under experimental cohabitation, the strategy of the common vole, a more aggressive species, was to force out the other species, ecologically similar but less competitive; the strategy of the East European vole was aimed at avoidance via segregation of ecological niches in time.     

Interspecific relationships of the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall., 1773) and tamarisk gerbil (M. tamariscinus Pall., 1773) in pasture ecosystems of the Kalmyk Republic

Studies performed in the southern Kalmyk Republic from 1993 to 2005 have shown that the midday and tamarisk gerbils are similar in their biotopic distribution and that their preferences for certain habitats depend on specific features of feeding. Individual home ranges of both species overlap, and the patterns of their daily activity are synchronous. These facts suggest that there is no interference competition between the midday and tamarisk gerbils in pastures of the southern Kalmyk Republic.