基于可拓理论的建筑施工安全管理系统研究

现有的安全管理评价方式无法对建筑施工的安全问题作出及时、系统的判定。将可拓理论应用于建筑施工企业的安全管理系统研究,以国家规定的建筑施工安全检查标准为准则,参照施工安全检查的经验,把建筑施工的安全管理等级划分成安全、较安全、不安全、严重不安全4个等级,初步建立基于可拓理论的安全管理评价和预警系统,并编制相应的程序,对建筑施工安全管理现状进行评价,对有安全问题的项目及时作出预警。最后结合实际工程项目,对该方法进行验证,结果表明该方法具有一定的实用性和有效性,可以作为建筑施工企业安全管理的参考。     

乡镇企业污染治理设施运转分析

由于环境意识差、投资效益低、内部管理水平低技术人员缺乏、工程质量差和监督管理不力等原因，我国乡镇企业存在污染治理设施运转严重不正常的问题。为此，必须强化宣传、推行清洁生产，开展教育培训，提高管理水平，发展高技术产业，建立运营新机制，同时加强监督管理，以促进其运转率的提高。     

我国噪声与振动控制行业2013年发展综述

综述了2012年我国噪声与振动控制行业的发展环境以及行业的生产经营情况;阐述了行业总体技术进展、新技术的开发应用概况,以及行业市场特点及重要动态;分析了行业主要骨干企业的发展情况及企业的国内外竞争力状况;针对行业发展中存在的主要问题, 提出了解决对策和建议,并对行业的发展进行了展望.     

Wastewater management in small- and medium-size enterprises: case studies

Wastewater management in small and medium-sized enterprises representing the chemical and food industries was investigated. The results showed that wastewater discharged from an ink-production factory was highly contaminated with organic pollutants. Anaerobic biological treatment followed by chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime proved to be very effective and produced an effluent that complied with national regulatory standard for wastewater discharge into public sewage network. Also, management of wastewater from a confectionery factory representing the food sector was carried out. Aerobic biological treatment using plastic-packed trickling filter proved to be an effective treatment method. However, application of in-plant control measures alleviated the requirement for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. The applied pollution prevention and cleaner production measures involved good housekeeping, recovery of spent chocolate, modification of floor cleaning and installation of suction devices for the removal of sugar and starch powders. All improvement measures were documented by cost/benefit analysis.     

企业安全管理中的非正式群体功能探析

在企业中非正式群体是客观存在的,它对企业安全管理具有正向（积极）和负向（消极）的双重功能。如果正确引导,非正式群体可弥补正式群体的不足,在实现企业安全生产目标中发挥重要的作用,反之,则会干扰企业安全生产目标的实现。企业安全管理者应正视非正式群体的存在,并正确认识非正式群体,充分利用其特点,加强引导与控制,因势利导,趋利避害,调动一切积极因素,为实现企业安全目标服务。本文介绍了企业非正式群体的类型及特点,阐述了在企业安全管理中如何加强对非正式群体的引导、利用及控制管理,充分发挥非正式群体的正向功能,限制其负向功能。     

基于循环经济的煤炭企业生产模式研究

阐述了循环经济的内涵,分析了煤炭企业传统生产模式存在的问题,指出煤炭企业实施循环经济生产模式的必要性,提出我国煤炭企业建立循环经济生产模式的基本思路。即建立以煤炭企业为中心的小循环生产模式,以大型煤炭生产基地为中心的中循环生产模式和以社会为中心的大循环生产模式,对我国煤炭企业实施循环经济的生产模式具有指导意义。     

典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析和评价典型涉污企业周边土壤环境质量,对于加强企业用地环境风险管控,实施土壤重金属污染精准防控,进一步保障农产品质量安全具有重要意义。以18类典型涉污企业周边土壤为研究对象,对475家企业周边的2 017个监测样点进行土壤重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni元素含量测定,并采用主成分分析法、Hakanson 潜在生态风险指数法进行分析及评价。结果表明:典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和As元素为主,各元素含量超过土壤污染风险筛选值的样品比例为9.82%~31.0%,超过土壤污染风险管控值的样品比例为4.46%~13.1%,其次是Zn、Cu、Hg和Ni,Cr无明显污染;主要污染元素Cd、Pb、As、Zn和Cu来自相同污染源且主要分布在有色金属矿采选业(B9)、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)、生态保护和环境治理业(N77)等行业企业周边;黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属矿采选业(B9)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)等行业企业周边土壤重金属潜在生态风险等级较高,中等风险及以上比例分别为76.0%、53.0%和54.1%。可见,典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属存在一定程度的污染,尤其是有色金属矿采选业(B9)等采矿业以及黑色金属冶炼和压延加工(C31)等制造业等,污染程度高,潜在生态风险大,需要加强监测和管控。     

Land Cover Changes as a Result of Environmental Restrictions on Nitrate Leaching in Dairy Farming

Nitrate leaching forms an important environmental problem because it causes pollution of groundwater and surface water, and adds to already problematic eutrophication. This study analyses the impact of reductions in nitrate leaching on land cover decisions of dairy farms, of which the activities make an important contribution to nitrate leaching. As the level of nitrate leaching depends on groundwater depth as well as on the supply of nitrogen, spatial variation in groundwater levels will cause a spatial variation in land cover under restrictions on nitrate leaching. A non-linear partial optimisation model for the economic and ecological aspects of the problem were used to show how land cover and dairy farms' financial balances change when nitrate losses are reduced. The model is spatially explicit, and describes nitrate leakage and yields of maize and grass as a function of groundwater depth, including the effects of various grazing systems. The model analyses the decisions of a risk neutral agent who minimises costs under the following constraints: (i) production, feed requirements and mass balances for fodder; (ii) constraints for nitrate leaching. Economic costs are attributed to increased costs of fodder and processing of manure when nitrate restrictions are tightened. An important result of the study is the variation in compliance costs and land cover for maize and grass production brought about by spatial variation in groundwater depth. While the effects are negligible for some shallow groundwater classes, it is extremely difficult in other classes – if not impossible – to obtain the EU standard of maximum admissible losses of 34 kg N ha^–1 at low costs. The study shows an important reduction in land cover by maize.     

Treating solid dairy manure using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H₂O₂-AOP) was used to treat separated solid dairy manure for nutrient release and solids reduction. The MW/H₂O₂-AOP was conducted at a microwave temperature of 120°C for 10 minutes, and at three pH conditions of 3.5, 7.3 and 12. The hydrogen peroxide dosage at approximately 2 mL per 1% TS for a 30 mL sample was used in this study, reflecting a range of 0.53–0.75 g H₂O₂/g dry sludge. The results indicated that substantial quantities of nutrients could be released into the solution at pH of 3.5. However, at neutral and basic conditions only volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand could be released. The analyses on orthophosphate, soluble chemical oxygen demands and volatile fatty acids were re-examined for dairy manure. It was found that the orthophosphate concentration for untreated samples at a higher % total solids (TS) was suppressed and lesser than actual. To overcome this difficulty, the initial orthophosphate concentration had to be measured at 0.5% TS.     

炼化浓盐水处理与资源化工艺探讨＊

炼化污水深度处理回用是各炼化企业节水减排的主要措施之一。炼化企业反渗透(简称RO)污水脱盐回用装置在运行中暴露出末端高含盐污水的处置难题,影响了污水回用生产的连续运行。文章阐述近年来炼化企业高含盐污水处置现状、存在问题、国内外处理技术及发展趋势,在此基础上针对炼化企业特点,提出以热法、膜法为核心技术的浓盐水处理工艺耦合方案,为炼化企业解决污水回用瓶颈技术难题、实施污水"零排放"与发展循环经济提供借鉴与参考。