不同尺度下蒸散量测算方法的应用及展望

在水资源日益稀缺的背景下,蒸散作为陆地水循环的重要组成部分,对水资源管理和农业灌溉方案的制定都起着决定性作用。在全球尺度上,蒸散量整体呈现出了明显的随时间增加趋势,但区域尺度及流域尺度的蒸散变化则呈现出较大的不确定性,并且在一些下垫面比较复杂的地区,如喀斯特小流域,蒸散作为流域水循环的重要组成部分往往难以准确测定,所以更需要因地制宜地选择蒸散量测算方法。基于此,本文以各种方法的研究尺度为切入点,将当前被广泛接受的蒸散研究方法分为小尺度方法,即针对单体植株和适用于田块尺度的蒸散研究方法,包括树干液流法、零通量面法、风调室法、蒸渗仪法以及土壤-植被-大气连续体(SPAC)水分传输综合模拟法;百米尺度方法,包括波文比法和涡动相关法;公里尺度方法,主要包括闪烁仪法;流域及区域尺度方法,包括水量平衡法和空间遥感法。概述了各个方法的应用范围、特点以及局限性,列举了前人工作中各种方法之间的对比验证,着重分析了闪烁仪方法在复杂下垫面的应用前景,以便在不同研究条件和研究尺度下能选择最佳的蒸散量测算方法,并对未来蒸散研究进行了展望。     

Mitigating Groundwater Impacts of Residential Wells through Small‐Scale Distributed Storage in the Skagit River Basin

The exemption for groundwater wells for residential uses from the prior appropriations system, common in the western United States, has eroded in Washington State since about 2000 due to a series of legal cases. Water markets can allow the transfer of an existing water right, typically from an agricultural use, to compensate for the effect of a new residential well. But water must be legally and physically available in a way suitable to satisfy mitigation requirements. A recent court case in the Skagit basin in Northwestern Washington State has effectively halted residential development in rural areas of the basin because no suitable water rights are available to purchase for mitigation. This paper presents and examines the cost‐effectiveness of various water supply mitigation strategies. We find a small‐scale, distributed stream‐side storage system for augmenting instream flow purchased from downstream sources is relatively cost‐effective to mitigate against the effects of domestic groundwater use compared to more common alternatives. We consider transporting water to storage sites by both small‐gauge pipe and by truck. Overall, trucking water to stream‐side storage and release points tends to be more cost‐effective to mitigate against indoor‐use only given current subbasin housing densities, whereas piping for direct streamflow augmentation is more cost‐effective for higher mitigation needs associated with indoor and outdoor use and higher housing densities.     

亚热带典型小流域总氮最大日负荷(TMDL)及影响因子研究——以金井河流域为例

本研究以亚热带红壤丘陵区为研究区域,选取10个典型小流域,根据土地利用和畜禽养殖密度分为4种类型(森林、森林-种植、养殖和种植-养殖小流域),并基于近3年小流域把口站的原位观测数据,采用负荷历时曲线模型(LDC)计算了不同类型小流域水体总氮(TN)的最大日负荷(TMDL),运用灰度分析法定量研究了不同流量阶段小流域主要因子对TN负荷消减率的影响.结果表明,小流域TN负荷特征与流域类型密切相关,10个小流域TN年均负荷为739.0~2798.4 kg·km-2·a-1,由小到大依次为森林、森林-种植、养殖、种植-养殖小流域,其中,养殖、种植-养殖小流域水质整体超标严重,且应针对中、低流量条件下(秋、冬季节)负荷进行消减,而森林-种植小流域TN负荷超标情况略好,但高流量阶段(春、夏)超标率过高.灰度分析结果表明,TN负荷消减率在高、中流量阶段下主要受农田面积比例影响,而低流量阶段受畜禽密度影响.农田面积比例对高、中流量段TN消减率影响显著,而畜禽养殖密度在低流量段具有更大影响,小流域景观越破碎、类型越丰富、斑块分布越零散、形状越复杂,TN负荷通量则越大.     

草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响

识别主要污染物和污染源对草海湿地生态系统的保护与管理具有重要的现实意义.基于2012年5—10月6个小流域的水质观测数据、土地利用结构与景观格局指数,研究了草海湿地入湖小流域氮、磷输出的时空变化规律及其与景观格局的关系,以期为草海湿地综合治理提供参考.结果表明,草海湿地北面建设用地面积比例呈西北、东南方向逐渐降低和景观破碎度逐渐减小的趋势,具有明显的城市-城郊-农村的景观格局梯度,景观格局影响流域水质.多元统计分析表明,小流域氮磷输出受景观组成属性和空间属性综合影响,城镇建设用地百分比与TN、TP和COD呈显著正相关关系(r分别为0.995、0.978和0.996,p0.01),景观破碎度(CONTAG、ED、MPS)和多样性(SHDI)与水质(TN、TP、COD)具有显著的相关关系,CCA的第一排序轴解释了建设用地面积比例、景观指数与水质指标相关性的96.0%.可见,威宁城镇化快速发展威胁了草海湿地生态安全,需进行草海周边城镇化进程的调整和控制.     

Management Implications of Snowpack Sensitivity to Temperature and Atmospheric Moisture Changes in Yosemite National Park,CA

In order to investigate snowpack sensitivity to temperature increases and end‐member atmospheric moisture conditions, we applied a well‐constrained energy‐ and mass‐balance snow model across the full elevation range of seasonal snowpack using forcing data from recent wet and dry years. Humidity scenarios examined were constant relative humidity (high) and constant vapor pressure between storms (low). With minimum calibration, model results captured the observed magnitude and timing of snowmelt. April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) losses of 38%, 73%, and 90% with temperature increases of 2, 4, and 6°C in a dry year centered on areas of greatest SWE accumulation. Each 2°C increment of warming also resulted in seasonal snowline moving upslope by 300 m. The zone of maximum melt was compressed upward 100–500 m with 6°C warming, with the range reflecting differences in basin hypsometry. Melt contribution by elevations below 2,000 m disappeared with 4°C warming. The constant‐relative‐humidity scenario resulted in 0–100 mm less snowpack in late spring vs. the constant‐vapor‐pressure scenario in a wet year, a difference driven by increased thermal radiation (+1.2 W/m²) and turbulent energy fluxes (+1.2 W/m²) to the snowpack for the constant‐relative‐humidity case. Loss of snowpack storage and potential increases in forest evapotranspiration due to warming will result in a substantial shift in forest water balance and present major challenges to land management in this mountainous region.     

Addressing Declining Appropriations for Bureau of Reclamation Infrastructure: Policies Needed for Enabling Private Finance

Western water infrastructure was funded in the early and mid‐20th Century through federal financing through the Bureau of Reclamation. Over the past 30 years, federal financing has been less forthcoming, which has been commensurate with an increase in the need for financing rehabilitation and replacement of western irrigation infrastructure. As federal appropriations have declined, there has been increased interest in alternative approaches to infrastructure including public–private partnerships (P3s), loan guarantees, or title transfer of federal infrastructure. However, two of these approaches — P3s and loan guarantees — are precluded by existing federal budgetary policies, particularly Office of Management and Budget (OMB) scoring practices. If the OMB changed its policies for P3s or loan guarantees, private capital could play an important role in recapitalizing aging Reclamation infrastructure.     

尾矿坝溃决泥浆运动机制及其预测模型研究

以尾矿溃坝砂流下游演进动力学过程为研究重点,综合运用水文学及水动力学等运动理论和数值计算方法,建立描述尾矿坝溃决泥浆运动的数学模型,采用VOF模型对溃坝后的砂流运动过程进行数值模拟。以某溃决尾矿坝为例,对溃坝后下泄砂流演进过程进行模拟,模拟得到的最终影响范围及泥深均与该溃决尾矿坝溃后的现场观测结果相吻合,证明了模拟的有效性和正确性。     

某尾矿坝子坝稳定性及加固效果分析

以某尾矿坝为工程背景,根据现场工程地质勘探所获得地质资料及拟加高扩容初步设计资料等,建立三维尾矿坝的数值仿真模型。在此基础上,针对最终设计坝顶标高+260 m(高160 m)情况采用FLAC3D软件中强度折减法求解了坝体子坝边坡安全系数,并确定了潜在滑裂面的位置。根据潜在滑裂面的位置选择土工格栅加固子坝,并通过对加固前后位移场、应力场以及剪切应变增量区的对比分析,表明所采取的加固措施是可行的。     

基于FLO-2D模型的红椿沟泥石流工程治理效果研究

汶川地震带来了众多地质灾害,给当地灾民造成了严重的生命和财产损失。为了更好地预防地质灾害的发生,保护灾后重建成果,对地质灾害防护工程的效果分析研究就显得尤为重要。文章选取了汶川红椿沟流域中的甘溪铺沟、大水沟、新店子沟3条泥石流沟为研究对象,采用二维流变模型FLO-2D,经连续方程与运动方程,结合网络化的数字高程模型,通过DEM在ArcGIS中转换为ASCII格式输入至FLO-2D软件中,建立流域模型,分析计算出红椿沟泥石流沟在工程治理条件下,遭遇50、100年一遇暴雨时,泥石流冲出物的堆积深度和流动速度。通过计算机数值模拟方法对治理效果进行分析研究,从而确定工程治理效果和进一步的工作方法。     

FLOW ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE DAMMED LAKE WATERSHEDS: A CASE STUDY1

Abstract: The Chi-Chi earthquake, which occurred on September 21, 1999, and had a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale, resulted in an extensive landslide that blocked the Ching-Shui Creek in Taiwan, forming a large lake with a storage volume of 40 million m³. This paper describes an analytical procedure used to perform flow analysis of the Tsao-Ling watershed, which includes the new landslide dammed lake. In this study, a digital elevation model was applied to obtain the watershed geomorphic factors and stage-area storage function of the landslide dammed lake. Satellite images were used to identify the landslide area and the land cover change that occurred as a result of the earthquake. Two topography-based runoff models were applied for long term and short term streamflow analyses of the watershed because the watershed upstream of the landslide dam was ungauged. The simulated daily flow and storm runoff were verified using limited available measured data in the watershed, and good agreement was obtained. The proposed analytical procedure for flow analysis is considered promising for application to other landslide dammed lake watersheds.