Realizing the potential of GIS in community-based management of protected areas

SUMMARY

This paper explores the roles GIS technology can play in support of land management, focusing in particular on its application in protected environments such as Biosphere Reserves. These ecologically significant areas present complex planning situations since, unlike areas set aside solely for conservation, they must continue to support human populations that depend on natural resources for their economic and social well being. In situations such as marginal tropical locations, land managers often face major economic and political disincentives to the conservation of precious natural resources. The necessity for community participation and local expertise in the planning process becomes increasingly critical as GIS evolves from a basic presentation aid for spatial data to a synthesizing problem-solving tool. Coupled with enhanced community participation is the opportunity for greater education of stakeholders; the potential for GIS to serve as a medium for information gathering and dissemination is discussed. A case study in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR), México, is presented.     

Contingent valuation of ecotourism development in country parks in the urban shadow

To optimise the use and management of Hong Kong's country parks, ecotourism has recently been promoted by the government and echoed by the leisure sector. Visitors' valuation of ecotourism development hitherto remains scant and could add a new dimension to the knowledge and management base. This study estimated the potential value of ecotourism development using the contingent valuation method (CVM). A total of 613 visitors in three country parks were interviewed. The results showed that the bid amounts and the motives to experience and learn more about nature were significant predictors of willingness-to-pay (WTP). The mean and median WTP were, respectively, HK$101.1 and HK$85.0 annually, varying slightly between parks. The differences were associated with the special ecological and accessibility characteristics of individual parks. The results could justify financial support from the government for ecotourism development and associated nature conservation endeavours and promote the incorporation of natural resource valuation in formulation of public policies in Hong Kong and other developing regions.     

基于无线传感网络的安全监控系统应用研究

对某特种气体厂生产过程中潜在的危险有害因素进行了辨识分析,提出了相应的对策措施,提出了基于MEMS传感器、无线传感网络和3G（GIS、GPS、GPRS）技术的安全监控系统方案,包括安全监控系统架构、MEMS传感器和无线传感网络节点的设置方案、无线传感网络接入和通信机制和安全监控系统的软件功能。所提的技术方案已在该特种气体厂进行示范应用,取得良好运行效果。     

能源贫困的识别方法及其应用分析——以云南省怒江州为例

长期以来,学者对中国农村贫困的研究侧重于经济贫困方面,对能源贫困的研究相对不足,而能源贫困恰恰是制约农村地区发展和农户生计资产改善的主要因素。论文从农户的视角出发,借鉴巴西、印度等发展中国家的能源贫困线标准,根据农户调查和访谈,对中国农村能源贫困线进行了综合考量,并最终确定为户均每年消费400 kgce;为科学测度能源贫困状况,提出从能源贫困的广度、深度、差异度三个维度进行定量分析,并构建了各维度的测度方法;以云南省怒江州为案例,利用564 份农户调查问卷,分析了怒江州的能源贫困状况,研究发现,怒江州能源贫困的广度为0.66,能源贫困的深度为0.40,能源贫困的差异度为0.17,能源贫困的综合指数（Sen指数）为0.37,说明怒江州的能源贫困状况是比较严重的,并据此提出了具有针对性的政策建议。     

基于格点数据的西北干旱区极端降水事件分析

根据国家气象信息中心发布的0.5°×0.5°中国地面逐日降水格点数据集,选取最大1 日降水量(RX1day)、最大5 日降水量(RX5day)、R95 极端降水量(R95)、湿天降水量(PRCPTOT)、持续干旱日数(CDD)和日降水强度(SDII)等指数,利用Sen 斜率法、相关分析法等方法分析了1961-2011 年中国西北干旱区极端降水特征,并探讨了各极端降水指数与北极涛动的关系,此外还与早期基于气象台站观测数据的相关研究结果进行了对比。结果表明:在时间尺度上,除CDD显著下降(P<0.01)外,其他指数均呈微弱上升趋势。在空间上,RX1day、RX5day、R95、PRCPTOT和SDII 在研究区内主要呈现西部明显增加、东部微弱减小的趋势,但CDD则整体呈现减小趋势。基于NCAR资料的夏季北极涛动指数与西北干旱区的CDD有很好的相关性(P<0.05),表明夏季北极涛动与该区的干旱事件发生之间存在一定联系。与早期站点数据的研究相比,格点数据覆盖度更好,能更为细致地描述空间变化特征,特别是在天山、阿尔泰山等山区的细节刻画上表现出一定的优势。     

城市建筑物对周围土壤中多环芳烃含量与分布的影响

为探讨城市建筑物对其周围土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量与分布的影响,对建筑物勒脚或散水边缘(B)和距建筑物5m(B-5)处20个表层土壤样品中16种优控PAHs进行了检测分析.结果表明,B处土壤中?16PAHs含量为824~8960ng/g,平均为2649ng/g;B-5处土壤中?16PAHs含量为637~1706ng/g,平均为1297ng/g,B处PAHs含量远高于B-5.各样点主要以4环和5环PAHs为主,B处3环PAHs含量高于B-5处.其中?4PAHs(Fl、Pyr、InP和BghiP)含量分别占B和B-5土壤中?16PAHs的48%和45%.参照Maliszewska-Kordybach建立的土壤PAHs污染标准,HJ-5、AJ、AJ-5、EB-5和TC-5属于中等污染程度(600~1000ng/g),其余各样点均属于重度污染(>1000ng/g).B处土壤中TOC相对B-5处有富集趋势,B和B-5处土壤中PAHs与TOC无明显的相关性.BaA、Chry、B(b/k)F、BaP、InP和DahA是B 和B-5处土壤中TEQBaP浓度的主要贡献者.溯源结果表明B和B-5处土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤炭、汽油和柴油的燃烧; B-5土壤中PAHs部分可能来源于石油类的泄漏.     

Assessment of metals in dry-toilet collected matters from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia, using biosolids quality guidelines and potential ecological risk index

Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar were surveyed. The results indicate that DCMs contain a high percentage of organic matter and nutrients, while heavy metals are at low levels, which shows good agricultural potential. The concentration ranges of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 11±5, 46±9, 0.08±0.05, 9±3, 17±9, and 338±86mg·kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd was below 0.5 mg.kgl, and a high positive relation was shown between chromium and nickel concentrations. The heavy metals in DCMs were safe for land application but Zn in DCMs was close to the effects range median （ERM）, which is toxic in some cases, such as amphipod bioassays. Because it is mandatory to treat DCMs to reduce pathogens, in the case of heavy metal enrichment and agricultural reuse, composting or pyrolysis are better choices than incinera- tion. Compared with global soil background values, the heavy metals in DCMs showed a low level of ecological risk, but a medium level when compared with Mongolian soil background values. The ecological risk of six heavy metals was in the descending order Hg 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cr and the contribution rate of Hg exceeded 60%.     

我国危险化学品重大危险源安全监管存在问题及建议

近些年发生的一些危险化学品重大事故和石化项目的群体性事件暴露出我国重大危险源监管体系还存在很多问题。对我国和欧美在重大危险源安全监管进行对比分析,总结出我国重大危险源安全监管存在几方面问题。重大危险源的土地利用规划未纳入城市规划控制程序;重大危险源建设项目公众参与不足;部分法规对一般危险化学品企业安全监管要求过高,重点不突出;某些安全监管提法相互重复、混乱;政府监管和企业管理界限不清晰;缺乏安全监察程序、指南,安全监察落实不到位;对化工园区安全发展认识不足。在吸收、借鉴美国和欧洲发达国家在重大危险源管理方面的经验和良好做法基础上,提出相对应的措施建议。政府部门应加快重大危险源的立法工作,在制定重大危险源的相关法规和政策时应科学、合理。     

盘锦近岸海域无机氮污染因子削减与预测

通过盘锦海域的海水质量和水文分析,建立盘锦海域潮流场模型。在不同输入条件下,利用潮流场模型对近岸海域的无机氮污染物含量变化响应进行模拟,得出3条河流(辽河、大辽河和大凌河)无机氮削减值,在此条件下可实现近岸海域无机氮达标要求。     

大寒岭倒转背斜复杂煤层结构冲击地压研究

受大寒岭倒转背斜的影响,大安山煤矿14槽煤后槽形成了极为复杂的煤层结构,其轴部及附近和两翼形成的急倾斜煤层是高应力区,具有冲击倾向性。首先用ANSYS有限元软件建立了包括复杂煤层结构在内的矿山模型,利用单元生死技术模拟轴部及右翼开挖;在此基础上,分析了采场围岩的应力场和位移场,圈定了冲击地压发生的危险区域,分析了冲击地压发生的机理;预测了14槽煤后槽开采的冲击倾向性,并指出在实际开采时,必须采取防冲措施,为避免冲击地压事故的发生提供了技术支持,具有一定的参考价值。