环空带压气井保护液液位测试方法研究

为了有效检测环空保护液位,评估气井环空带压情况,在传统回声法检测的基础上,提出了基于频谱分析及自相关分析的2种液位检测方法;搭建了液位检测试验系统,开展了不同环空压力下的液位检测试验,计算了不同压力下的环空声速;设计了FIR低通滤波器对液面回波信号进行滤波处理,同时利用了上述2种方法计算液位值并与实际值及传统液位计算方法对比,得出了声衰减系数并评判了衰减过程对液面回波信号频谱分析的影响程度。研究结果表明:设计的FIR低通滤波器适用于所建液位检测试验的滤波处理过程;频谱分析及自相关分析都能够有效检测液位高度,最大误差分别为1.65%和0.61%,自相关分析方法具有更高的精确度;声衰减系数整体较小,对液面回波信号频谱分析结果影响较小。     

路径-脆弱点最短距离最大化的危险品运输网络设计

为了实现危险品运输网络的有效设计,进而降低危险品运输风险。将分布于公路两侧的医院、学校、居民区、购物中心等人口集聚场所定义为“脆弱点”,并通过计算运输路径和脆弱点间的加权距离来评估路段风险;结合双层理论构建模型,上层规划为政府的网络设计问题,通过关闭部分路段来最大化危险品车辆行驶路径与各脆弱点间的最小加权距离,下层规划则为承运商的车辆路径选择问题;为求解模型,设计1类启发式算法,并对算法的计算时间复杂性进行证明,最后根据算例分析发现,该算法经过有限数量的迭代即可得到风险最小的、次小的、…、第k小的运输路径及对应的路段关闭方案,为寻求兼顾运输风险和运输成本的最优方案提供决策支持。     

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RIME ICE DEPOSITS IN THE COLORADO ROCKIES1

ABSTRACT Observations and measurements were made during storm periods at mountain top sites in the Colorado Rockies during the winter of 1981-1982. On average, liquid clouds occurred with and without snowfall for, respectively, 75 percent and 15 percent of the observations. On average, the rime ice deposition rates were measured to be seven times the precipitation rates. The rime deposits were estimated to contribute 10 percent to the water content of the snowpack. Combining this figure with the estimated rime deposits on falling snow crystals (up to 50 percent by mass), up to 60 percent of the water content of the annual snowpack in the mountains near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, could be due to rime ice deposits.     

Human impact on beach and foredune microclimate on North Padre Island,Texas

The microclimate of beach and foredune areas of North Padre Island along the mid-Texas coast was found to be greatly modified by vehicular and pedestrian traffic during investigations made from late fall to early summer 1973–74. The primary effect of human activity on microclimate was expressed as reduced cover and species diversity of the vegetation. As the intensity of human activity increased, elevation, especially of areas near the beach, was decreased, whereas average wind velocities near the ground surface, evaporation, atmospheric salinity near the ground surface, wind-carried sand particles near the ground surface, soil salinity, soil pH, average soil temperature and range in temperature, soil bulk density, and soil-water contents were increased.     

生物强化技术在废水处理中的应用

本文主要从三个方面总结了近几年国内外有关生物强化技术的应用情况 ,即直接投加特效降解微生物或共代谢基质、固定化技术和生物强化制剂来处理各种类型的废水。     

饮食业油烟污染与处理技术研究

分析了油烟中的主要污染物成分，介绍了油烟对人体健康的几种危害，并对现有的五种处理技术：惯性分离、过滤分离、洗涤去除、静电沉积、复合技术进行了详尽的分析比较，列举了一些应用实例。     

Entrapment and dissolution of DNAPLs in heterogeneous porous media

Two-dimensional multiphase flow and transport simulators were refined and used to numerically investigate the entrapment and dissolution behavior of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in heterogeneous porous media containing spatial variations in wettability. Measured hydraulic properties, residual saturations, and dissolution parameters were employed in these simulations. Entrapment was quantified using experimentally verified hydraulic property and residual saturation models that account for hysteresis and wettability variations. The nonequilibrium dissolution of PCE was modeled using independent estimates of the film mass transfer coefficient and interfacial area for entrapped and continuous (PCE pools or films) saturations. Flow simulations demonstrate that the spatial distribution of PCE is highly dependent on subsurface wettability characteristics that create differences in PCE retention mechanisms and the presence of subsurface capillary barriers. For a given soil texture, the maximum and minimum PCE infiltration depth was obtained when the sand had intermediate (an organic-wet mass fraction of 25%) and strong (water- or organic-wet) wettability conditions, respectively. In heterogeneous systems, subsurface wettability variations were also found to enhance or diminish the performance of soil texture-induced capillary barriers. The dissolution behavior of PCE was found to depend on the soil wettability and the spatial PCE distribution. Shorter dissolution times tended to occur when PCE was distributed over large regions due to an increased access of flowing water to the PCE. In heterogeneous systems, capillary barriers that produced high PCE saturations tended to exhibit longer dissolution times.     

The role of interfacial films in the mass transfer of naphthalene from creosotes to water

Viscous, semi-rigid interfacial films that are formed at the interface of certain multi-component non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPLs) and water can significantly reduce the rates of mass transfer of solutes. Creosote-water systems were investigated for their ability to form interfacial films. The effects of these films on the creosote-water partition and on mass transfer of a representative solute, naphthalene, were investigated in a series of experiments. The area-independent mass transfer coefficient of naphthalene contained in creosote decreased by 30% over a 1-week period in systems containing creosote and water. Further aging for up to 21 days did not result in significant additional decreases in the mass transfer coefficient. The creosote-water partition coefficient, however, did not change with extended contact. The presence of viscous interfacial films in creosote-water systems was demonstrated in pendant drop tests. These interfacial films most likely caused the reduction in solute mass transfer coefficients by providing significant resistance to the diffusion of solutes through the interfacial film. Results from mass transfer experiments conducted under different system conditions suggested that hindered diffusion of naphthalene through the bulk creosote phase, changes in composition of creosote as a result of extended dissolution, or changes in creosote-water interfacial area did not contribute to the decrease in naphthalene mass transfer coefficient.     

二氧化氯和液氯消毒饮用水致突变性的比较

本文运用国内外广泛应用的Ａｍｅｓ试验,对二氧化氯与液氯消毒水样进行了致突变性的比较,结果表明,ＣｌＯ２消毒的水样未显示出致突变性,而液氯消毒的水样显示致突变性的研究结果为ＣｌＯ２在饮用水消毒中的应用提供了科学的依据。     

气相色谱法中液体样品的进样技术

阐述了气相色谱中液体样品的4种进样技术。