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31.
32.
K. Håkan Olsén J. Torbjörn Järvi Ian Mayer Erik Petersson Frederieke Kroon 《Chemoecology》1998,8(1):9-17
Summary. In the present experiment the behaviour and endocrine status of males of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) were studied when males were kept in a stream tank with a nest digging female. Groups of
mature adult males and precocious intact or anosmic male parr were placed with the nesting female so that the group resembled
a natural spawning situation with big anadromous fish acting as dominant males and precocious parr acting as “sneakers”. A
control experiment was also run with only males without a female present. In intact parr there were significant positive correlations
between the per cent of the total observation time spent with a female, milt volume, and plasma concentration of 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one.
Anosmic parr had significantly lower volumes of strippable milt and gonadal steroid hormone levels compared with intact parr.
However, no differences were found in the control experiment. Significantly fewer anosmic parr attended and courted the nesting
female and those anosmic fish that attended the female had significantly lower plasma levels of gonadal hormones. Intact parr
also displayed a greater number of agonistic acts against other parr without any difference in fighting ability. No differences
in aggression occured in the control experiment. In adult males together with a female, post-experimental gonadal steroid
hormone levels were higher than pre-experimental levels. Positive correlations between aggression and androgen hormone levels
were observed in adult males. No differences in plasma hormone levels were observed between adult males and intact precocious
males. The results show that olfactory occlusion results in low steroid hormone levels and milt volumes in precocious males
placed in a spawning situation. The courting behaviour was also affected by anosmia. Odours from the nesting female may have
caused the enhanced plasma hormone levels and stimulated the males to attend the female.
Received 15 May 1997; accepted 29 June 1997. 相似文献
33.
34.
A. A. Olajire E. T. Ayodele F. E. Imeokparia 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,57(2):183-194
Samples of compost-amended soil from waste dumping sites in Lagos Metropolis were extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 cm3) and the extract was evaporated at 35 °>C. The residue was extracted with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and portions of the solution were applied to a column containing silica gel from which aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were eluted with n-hexane and toluene respectively. Analysis of the n-hexane fraction using gas chromatography showed the presence of a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ranging from C9 to C25, while ultraviolet analysis of the toluene fraction suggested 1,2-benzanthracene; 2,3-benzphenanthrene, chrysene and pyrene as polyaromatic compounds present in samples analyzed. The crude extracts were highly coloured and viscous. Total extractable organic residues in the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane extracts ranged from 36 to 89 mg g-1 of soil. 相似文献
35.
Many environmental surveys require the implementation of estimation techniques to determine the spatial distribution of the variable being investigated. Traditional methods of interpolation and estimation, for example, inverse distance squared and triangulation often ignore features of the data set such as anisotropy which may have a significant impact on the quality of the estimates produced. Geostatistical techniques may offer an improved method of estimation by modelling the spatial continuity of the variable using semi-variogram analysis. The theoretical model fitted to the semi-variogram is then used in the assignation of weighting factors to the samples surrounding the location to be estimated. This paper outlines the results of a comparison between three common estimation methods, polygonal, triangulation and inverse distance squared and a geostatistical method, in the estimation of soil radionuclide activities. The geostatistical estimation method known as kriging performed best over a range of parameters used to test the performance of the methods. Kriging exhibited the best correlation between actual and estimated values, the narrowest error distribution and the lowest overall estimation error. Polygonal estimation was best at reproducing the data set distribution. Conditional bias was evident in all the methods, low values being over-estimated and high values being under-estimated. 相似文献
36.
In multiphase systems capillary pressures play a significant role on fluid movement and retention. The facility to predict
the effect of different thermal remediation strategies requires the knowledge of the effect of temperature on capillary pressure-saturation
relationships in the soils.
The objective of recent study was (a) to develop a technique for routinely measuring the pressure-saturation curves of soil
samples saturated with a nonpolar liquid at different regulated temperatures (b) to build a database using the measured pressure-saturation
curves and the physical, chemical properties of the model soils (c) to establish the dependence of nonaqueous phase liquid
retention on the soil properties and the temperature.
The retention curves (extraction isotherms) with nonaqueous phase liquid were determined using a modified
pressure plate extractor. The wetting phase was a non-aromatic hydrocarbon distillation product. Pressure plates were designed and constructed in
the laboratory of our department. The temperature was held constant at 20, 40 and 60 ∘C.
Statistical analysis was performed involving selected soil parameters and the measured nonaqueous phase liquid retention data.
The results show that knowing some easily measurable soil parameters (bulk density, particle size distribution, humus and
lime content) we can estimate the nonaqueous phase liquid retention of the soils. The measured “extraction isotherms” provide
essential information about the temperature-dependency of pressure-saturation curves. 相似文献
37.
Bohan Liao Zhaohui Guo Qingru Zeng Anne Probst Jean-Luc Probst 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):151-161
Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural
soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive
releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd
for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached
with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external
Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases
were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared
with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions
in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties
such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO4
2−, exchangeable Al3+ and H+, and contents of Fe2O3 and Al2O3. 相似文献
38.
从病变部位分离出两株病原真菌DN1和DN2,通过茵丝及孢子形态的观察,初步确定其分别为半知菌亚门链格孢属(Altemaria altemata)及轮枝孢属(M.Verticillium)。在pH值4~14之间,两株菌都能正常生长,对环境的适应能力较强。通过盆栽试验确定大麻对土壤pH的影响,结果表明大麻能修复弱碱性土壤。 相似文献
39.
垦殖对桂林会仙喀斯特湿地土壤养分与微生物活性的影响 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
选择桂林会仙喀斯特湿地不同垦殖方式的土壤为研究对象,通过研究原生沼泽湿地及其开垦21 a的水田和旱地0~40 cm不同深度的土壤理化性质、微生物数量、酶活性、微生物呼吸等变化趋势,以揭示垦殖对会仙喀斯特湿地土壤质量的影响.结果表明:①垦殖导致会仙喀斯特湿地土壤呈现偏酸性和养分含量降低的趋势,垦殖后土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、速效磷(AP)、全钾(TK)和速效钾(AK)总体上趋于减小,并且表层土壤减小的趋势最为显著.②垦殖改变了土壤微生物数量分布的相对比例关系,水田土壤的细菌和放线菌数量最高,而土壤真菌数量则在旱地最高(P<0.001).③垦殖降低了各土层蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,在旱地的数值最低.④垦殖后土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、基础呼吸(BR)、呼吸势(PR)和微生物熵(qMB)总体上均趋于减小,代谢熵(qCO2)在湿地表现为先增大后减小的趋势,而在水田和旱地则一致表现为逐渐升高的趋势.各土层的MBC、MBN、BR、PR和qMB普遍呈现出湿地 > 水田 > 旱地的趋势.qCO2在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层表现为湿地 > 水田 > 旱地,而在20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层则表现为旱地 > 水田 > 湿地.综上,垦殖显著降低了土壤的微生物活性,土壤质量呈现下降趋势,对旱地土壤影响较为严重.在会仙喀斯特湿地生态恢复过程中,应减少垦殖旱地和水田的面积,退耕恢复湿地面积. 相似文献
40.