机组资源管理与飞行不安全行为关系的研究

通过对89起机组为主要原因的运输飞行事故征候进行分析,以卡方分析探讨CRM失效与飞行机组的不安全行为之间具有很强的关联性,即飞行机组沟通不当、情景意识削弱或丧失、不当决策与决策差错之间,机组沟通不当与违规之间显著关联;而且,这几方面的CRM失效正确预测对应飞行不安全行为的比例介于9.4%～43.8%之间,达到显著水平。研究以定量化的方式揭示出机组资源管理技能与飞行不安全行为之间的内部关系模式。也就是说,机组沟通不当、情景意识下降或丧失、决策过程不当与其决策错误显著关联,沟通不当与机组违规显著关联。研究结果对于CRM训练设计与制订飞行不安全行为干预策略具有应用价值。     

天平的不等臂性对测试的影响

天平是一种重要的试验室检测仪器,在个体防护用品的检验工作中同样不可或缺,比如防护服的透气量测试、旋转辊筒法对防护鞋外底磨耗量的检测等,都会用到天平。本文主要从产生天平不等臂的原因及不等臂的检测、不等臂的调整等方面,简要论述了天平的正确性对测量的影响。     

人失误模型在防止变电所检修事故中的应用

针对变电所检修事故的特点,认为人失误是导致该类事故发生的主要原因。运用安全人机工程学基本原理,分析了变电所检修过程中人失误产生的原因,在研究了以人失误为主因的事故模型基础上,进一步从人的特性、人机功能的分配、人机界面的设计、安全管理和环境因素五个方面人手构建了以人失误为主因的变电所检修事故模型,基于该模型提出了有效、合理的避免或减少变电所检修事故的五点对策措施。以期能为变电所检修事故的预防起到积极的指导作用。     

硝基苯类污染物还原分析的系统误差

硝基苯类项目分析过程中,经过锌粉还原、过滤等重要环节．能吸附分析组分,引起分析结果偏低．通过理论计算和分析标样对比．找出硝基苯类还原偶氮比色法主要的系统误差。     

D-P准则的性能评估及其在强度折减分析中的适用性研究

将D-P准则对M-C准则的近似视为连续函数逼近问题,据此建立了最佳平方逼近的误差解析表达式,并提出了一个最佳D-P准则。同时,利用该误差表达式分析了各种常用D-P准则对于M-C准则的最佳平方逼近误差。分析结果表明,在所有的D-P准则中,采用大外接圆的D-P准则误差最大,等面积圆准则与本文所提出的最佳准则的误差相近,内切圆、小外接圆和中径圆的误差基本上处于同一水准。同时,通过利用强度折减分析方法对各准则的适用性作了进一步的研究,结果表明,在系统处于相对稳定状态时等面积准则和最佳准则与M-C准则具有较好的接近程度,但当系统将进入不稳定状态时M-C准则却与内切圆准则接近。     

灰色预测在平朔煤炭工业公司安全生产中的应用

利用灰色系统理论,建立了平朔煤炭工业公司事故伤亡率的GM(1,1)动态预测模型,并采用残差修正方法,提高了预测精度.对于该矿山有效地控制安全事故的发生,减少其造成的经济损失起到了重要的作用.     

释光测年技术在陶器定年研究中的应用进展

陶器释光测年一直是环境考古领域重要的时间界定方法之一。本文通过系统整理释光技术在陶器定年上的主要研究成果,分别从技术方法和应用实践两个方面进行总结和梳理,以阐明其在相应领域的适用性、面临的问题和未来应用潜力。在陶器定年的技术方法上,热释光技术最早应用于陶器测年,但也存在矿物热释光晒退效率较慢、不可重复测试和反映信息较少等问题;光释光测年技术的不断发展拓展了陶器释光测年的技术和方法,近年来相应研究比例也不断提高,但也存在部分年轻样品石英信号较弱、石英光释光信号组分比例影响等效剂量测定等问题。在实践应用上,陶器释光测年技术在世界各地遗址均表现出良好的适用性,能为遗址提供绝对年代测定,以及在多学科交叉的背景下,更多地反映古人地关系演化和文化区域交流。未来需要进一步加强释光技术尤其是光释光技术在陶器测年领域的应用力度,从而更好地服务于环境考古学研究;这对于进一步揭示区域古人地关系演化、文明发展历程和文化区域交流等方面有着重要意义。     

Mapping Stream Habitats with a Global Positioning System: Accuracy,Precision, and Comparison with Traditional Methods

We tested the precision and accuracy of the Trimble GeoXT™ global positioning system (GPS) handheld receiver on point and area features and compared estimates of stream habitat dimensions (e.g., lengths and areas of riffles and pools) that were made in three different Oklahoma streams using the GPS receiver and a tape measure. The precision of differentially corrected GPS (DGPS) points was not affected by the number of GPS position fixes (i.e., geographic location estimates) averaged per DGPS point. Horizontal error of points ranged from 0.03 to 2.77 m and did not differ with the number of position fixes per point. The error of area measurements ranged from 0.1% to 110.1% but decreased as the area increased. Again, error was independent of the number of position fixes averaged per polygon corner. The estimates of habitat lengths, widths, and areas did not differ when measured using two methods of data collection (GPS and a tape measure), nor did the differences among methods change at three stream sites with contrasting morphologies. Measuring features with a GPS receiver was up to 3.3 times faster on average than using a tape measure, although signal interference from high streambanks or overhanging vegetation occasionally limited satellite signal availability and prolonged measurements with a GPS receiver. There were also no differences in precision of habitat dimensions when mapped using a continuous versus a position fix average GPS data collection method. Despite there being some disadvantages to using the GPS in stream habitat studies, measuring stream habitats with a GPS resulted in spatially referenced data that allowed the assessment of relative habitat position and changes in habitats over time, and was often faster than using a tape measure. For most spatial scales of interest, the precision and accuracy of DGPS data are adequate and have logistical advantages when compared to traditional methods of measurement.     

A methodology to model causal relationships on offshore safety assessment focusing on human and organizational factors

INTRODUCTION: Focusing on people and organizations, this paper aims to contribute to offshore safety assessment by proposing a methodology to model causal relationships. METHOD: The methodology is proposed in a general sense that it will be capable of accommodating modeling of multiple risk factors considered in offshore operations and will have the ability to deal with different types of data that may come from different resources. Reason's "Swiss cheese" model is used to form a generic offshore safety assessment framework, and Bayesian Network (BN) is tailored to fit into the framework to construct a causal relationship model. The proposed framework uses a five-level-structure model to address latent failures within the causal sequence of events. The five levels include Root causes level, Trigger events level, Incidents level, Accidents level, and Consequences level. To analyze and model a specified offshore installation safety, a BN model was established following the guideline of the proposed five-level framework. A range of events was specified, and the related prior and conditional probabilities regarding the BN model were assigned based on the inherent characteristics of each event. RESULTS: This paper shows that Reason's "Swiss cheese" model and BN can be jointly used in offshore safety assessment. On the one hand, the five-level conceptual model is enhanced by BNs that are capable of providing graphical demonstration of inter-relationships as well as calculating numerical values of occurrence likelihood for each failure event. Bayesian inference mechanism also makes it possible to monitor how a safety situation changes when information flow travel forwards and backwards within the networks. On the other hand, BN modeling relies heavily on experts' personal experiences and is therefore highly domain specific. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: "Swiss cheese" model is such a theoretic framework that it is based on solid behavioral theory and therefore can be used to provide industry with a roadmap for BN modeling and implications. A case study of the collision risk between a Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit and authorized vessels caused by human and organizational factors (HOFs) during operations is used to illustrate an industrial application of the proposed methodology.     

高喷插芯组合桩极限承载力的灰色预测

高喷插芯组合桩(JPP)是一种新的桩型,具有承载力高、造价低等优点。许多工程单桩的静载荷试验只能加到两倍设计荷载,无法达到试桩的极限或破坏荷载,因此利用有限的实测数据比较准确地预测高喷插芯组合桩的极限承载力具有一定的现实意义。根据灰色理论,介绍了预测单桩竖向极限承载力的自调整非等步长GM(1,1)模型,讨论了三种不同的灰色模型在有限的实测数据条件下预测单桩极限承载力以及荷载—沉降关系的方法。通过对达到破坏和未达到破坏的工程实例的分析计算,证明三种模型的预测精度是令人满意的,其中等维新息模型预测精度最高。