Assessment of deep aquifer groundwater quality in a geographically unique climatic region of Southern Western Ghats,India using water quality indices

Water quality index (WQI) models are generally used in hydrochemical studies to simplify complex data into single values to reflect the overall quality. In this study, deep groundwater quality in the Chittur and Palakkad Taluks of the Bharathapuzha river basin of Kerala, India, was assessed by employing the WQI method developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The assessment of overall water quality is indispensable due to the specific characteristics of the study area, such as geography, climate, over-drafting, and prevalent agricultural practices. Forty representative samples were collected from the study area for monsoon (MON) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons. The results showed a general increase of contents from MON to PRM. The major cations were spread in the order Ca²⁺>Na+>Mg²⁺>K⁺ and the anions HCO₃⁻>Cl⁻>CO₃²⁻ based on their relative abundance. Among various parameters analysed, alkalinity and bicarbonate levels during MON were comparatively high, which is indicative of carbonate weathering, and 90% of the samples failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017)/Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) drinking water guidelines. The CCME WQI analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the samples during each season represented good and excellent categories. The samples in the poor category comprised 10% in MON and 15% in PRM. The overall WQI exhibited 15% of poor category samples as well. The spatial depiction of CCME WQI classes helped to expose zones of degraded quality in the centre to eastward parts. The spatial and temporal variations of CCME WQI classes and different physicochemical attributes indicated the influence of common factors attributing to the deep groundwater quality. The study also revealed inland salinity at Kolluparamba and Peruvamba stations, where agricultural activities were rampant with poor surface water irrigation.     

Near-term forecasts of stream temperature using deep learning and data assimilation in support of management decisions

Deep learning (DL) models are increasingly used to make accurate hindcasts of management-relevant variables, but they are less commonly used in forecasting applications. Data assimilation (DA) can be used for forecasts to leverage real-time observations, where the difference between model predictions and observations today is used to adjust the model to make better predictions tomorrow. In this use case, we developed a process-guided DL and DA approach to make 7-day probabilistic forecasts of daily maximum water temperature in the Delaware River Basin in support of water management decisions. Our modeling system produced forecasts of daily maximum water temperature with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) from 1.1 to 1.4°C for 1-day-ahead and 1.4 to 1.9°C for 7-day-ahead forecasts across all sites. The DA algorithm marginally improved forecast performance when compared with forecasts produced using the process-guided DL model alone (0%–14% lower RMSE with the DA algorithm). Across all sites and lead times, 65%–82% of observations were within 90% forecast confidence intervals, which allowed managers to anticipate probability of exceedances of ecologically relevant thresholds and aid in decisions about releasing reservoir water downstream. The flexibility of DL models shows promise for forecasting other important environmental variables and aid in decision-making.     

深部低渗透强突出煤层群首采下保护层确定和效果考察

软岩保护层在深部低渗透强突出煤层群首采保护层选择中具有潜在的应用前景。在阐述下保护层开采覆岩移动与采场裂隙演化及瓦斯运移关系的基础上,以芦岭矿为工程背景,通过FLAC3D数值试验,研究软岩保护层开采后的卸压效果,并和不同层位的薄煤层开采卸压效果对比分析。结果表明,在采厚相同的情况下,开采10煤保护层相对于软岩保护层,卸压程度弱,保护范围小,保护效果差。软岩保护层开采后,被保护层处于弯曲下沉带的下限范围。受采动影响,有大量的离层裂隙生成。考察期范围内上覆被保护层(8、9煤层)瓦斯抽采率达62.9%,表明软岩保护层开采能够对上覆被保护层(8、9煤层)起到显著的卸压效果。研究结果可为其他矿区保护层开采选择提供参考,丰富国内保护层开采实践。     

基于理想点法的邻近基坑高层建筑安全性评价

为更加准确地评价紧邻基坑高层建筑物的安全状况,综合考虑了建筑物稳定性、基坑与建筑之间土体扰动程度和建筑物地基抗扰动能力三方面因素,采用相关系数法选取14个评价指标,构建建筑物安全评价模型。并通过变异系数法和AHP确定各评价指标融合权重,最后采用理想点法对某紧邻基坑的高层建筑物进行安全评价。结果表明,该模型可以有效判断邻近深基坑高层建筑物的安全等级,其评判结果与工程实际相符     

地铁车站深基坑围护桩优化及其数值分析

以北京地铁大屯路公交与地铁换乘车站深基坑工程为研究背景,在对基坑围护结构变形分析的基础上,以围护桩为例,通过理论计算对其配筋进行了优化设计,并使用FLAC程序建立了三维数值模型对优化结果进行了检验分析。结果表明,优化方案和原方案相比不会导致基坑变形增大,还可以节约大量材料（桩间距由1200变为1500,桩径由1000变为800）。优化方案可以保证施工安全,同时节省材料和减小成本,对基坑支护设计优化具有一定参考价值。     

Biochemical composition of a meso-bathyal lobster

To characterise some traits of the life strategies of Polycheles typhlops, a deep-sea small lobster usually encountered as by-catch within deep trawls in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), we analysed the biochemical composition of the caudal muscles of 49 specimens collected in March and April 2007. Differences in the biochemical composition between females and males were weak, but relevant differences in protein (>90% of the organic C) and lipid (4–6%) contents were observed between developmental stages both in females and males. These differences are likely to be related to different food items and/or to the metabolic shifts associated with their reproduction. We argue that this deep-sea lobster could cover a relevant role in the meso-pelagic food webs and attract future commercial interest.     

基于Phase2的不同配比充填体厚度的数值模拟研究

在充填体作用机理,稳定性分析与监测,爆破地震效应,静动态特性及损伤理论等方面的研究基础上,依托安庆铜矿高阶段大直径深孔采矿法第一步骤采场的充填现状,采用Phase2软件建立了多种数值分析模型对不同灰砂比充填体厚度的充填效果进行数值模拟研究,并进行了多方案技术经济对比分析。研究结果表明:灰砂比为1∶4,1∶8,1∶10对应充填体厚度分别为10,24,22 m时,为最优方案。该充填体厚度可为矿山采场充填配比设计、充填管理及充填质量提供技术参考。     

深部软岩巷道变形机理及卸荷本构关系研究

安全发展是构建和谐社会的前提,煤炭行业的安全生产又是重中之重,随着煤炭开采深度的增加,巷道支护和管理方面存在的困难将无疑超过浅部其他水平,深部高应力软岩巷道围岩控制成为制约矿井安全、高效生产的主要因素之一.当前我国在安全生产理论方面的研究成果已经对煤矿的安全生产产生了重大影响,并取得卓越成就,而安全生产科学理论的贯彻执行必须借助技术、设备和工艺的创新性研究,并在现场实践中得以全面应用.本文通过对深部巷道开挖过程的应力调整机理、破坏特性及本构关系的研究,提出以锚杆、锚索为主的深部软岩巷道联合支护控制对策,并强调支护材料性能的互补性和施工的适时性.经现场实践,取得良好支护效果.     

煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理研究进展与展望

随着我国煤矿快速进入深部开采,煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害日渐成为威胁深部煤炭安全高效开采的重大灾害,研究其发生机理成为煤矿安全领域新的重大科学问题。本文首先在调研统计的基础上,阐述我国煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的发生规律和主要破坏特征,从定性和初步定量研究角度对煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理的研究现状进行综述分析,然后介绍笔者近年来在受载含瓦斯煤岩组合体耦合失稳诱发复合动力灾害机制方面的研究进展,最后展望煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理研究中亟待解决的问题及未来研究方向。     

上软下硬地层深基坑结构变形监测及分析*

为探究在上软下硬地层中进行深基坑开挖时围护结构水平位移与内支撑轴力的变化规律,以广州地区某上软下硬地层盾构井深基坑开挖项目为依托,基于现场监测数据进行分析并运用MIDAS/GTS软件开展深基坑开挖全过程的有限元模拟。将围护结构水平位移模拟值与监测值进行对比,验证模型的准确性;改变围护结构嵌固深度、主体结构厚度等工况,研究上述因素对结构水平位移变化产生的影响。研究结果表明:实测围护结构最大水平位移值11.78 mm,位于长边0.7倍基坑深度附近,坑角处位移值最小;改变结构嵌固深度对坑深15 m以下围护结构位移值影响较大,本工程最佳嵌固深度为1.5~3 m;围护结构水平位移会随着结构主体厚度的增加而减小,但最大位移间差值逐渐减小,结构主体厚度设计值宜为0.8~1 m。