中国环境监管的需求分析及对策建议

科学高效的环境监管体系的构建是防范突发环境风险的前提和关键,本文对突发性环境事件进行需求分析,提出构建完善的环境监管体系的可行性建议。从法律法规的支撑,各级协调与指挥机构的建立,应急救援资源的储备,监控预警网络的优化以及监管模式的完善的角度,建立完善的监管体系,把各个环节有机联系,实现事态有效控制,减少事故损失,确保人民生命、财产安全和灾后恢复。     

Reconstructing historical trends of Berre lagoon contamination from surface sediment datasets: influences of industrial regulations and anthropogenic silt inputs

These last decades, the Berre lagoon (in southeastern France) has been deeply affected since the 1930s by strong inputs of contaminants associated with industrial development and since 1966 by huge inputs of freshwater and silts due to the installation of a hydroelectric power plant. Surveys of the surface sediment contamination have been sparsely performed since 1964 for management and research purposes. These surveys were performed by various laboratories that investigated different chemicals and sampling areas using different analysis protocols. Therefore, the available data are disconnected in time and space and differ in quality. In order to reconstruct coherent time series of sediment contamination from this heterogeneous datasets and to discuss the influences of industrial and hydroelectric discharges we used a statistical approach. This approach is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy clustering analysis on data from one extensive survey realized on surface sediments in 1976. The PCA allowed identifying two geochemical indexes describing the main surface sediment geochemical characteristics. The fuzzy clustering analysis on these indexes allowed identifying sub-areas under the specific influence of industrial or hydroelectric discharges. This allowed us to reconstruct, for each sub-area, a coherent and interpretable long-term time series of sediment contamination from the available database. Reconstructed temporal trends allowed us to estimate: (i) the overall decrease of sediment contamination since the mid-1970 attributed to industrial discharge regulations enacted at this period and (ii) the dilution of the concentrations of sediment bound contaminants induced by the hydroelectric power plant and its associated particulate matter inputs.     

植物NAC转录因子的种类、特征及功能

综述了NAC转录因子的发现及其家族成员、结构特点和生物学功能.NAC类蛋白是近年来发现的一类植物特有、数量众多的转录因子家族,其成员广泛分布于陆生植物中.NAC家族成员的N端具有一个保守的约150个氨基酸组成的NAC结构域,含有A、B、C、D、E 5个亚结构域,C端具有一个高度变异的转录激活区.分析表明,NAC蛋白结构与其功能密切相关.NAC转录因子具有诸多方面的功能,如参与植物次生生长,在细胞分裂和植株衰老中发挥作用,参与激素调控和信号转导,参与矿质元素营养和农作物品质改良等.同时,NACs还参与生物胁迫中植物的防御反应以及在非生物逆境中发挥作用.目前对NAC基因的研究主要集中于模式植物拟南芥和水稻,对于NAC蛋白涉及的调控途径及其组成因子知之甚少,因此NAC基因的功能还有待深入研究;同时,利用基因工程手段导入或改良关键的NAC转录因子,使作物综合品质的提高已成为可能.图2表2参87     

Application of fuzzy logic to explosion risk assessment

Safety and health of workers potentially being at risk from explosive atmospheres are regulated by separate regulations (ANSI/AIHA in USA and ATEX in the European Union). The ANSI/AIHA does not require risk assessment whereas it is compulsory for ATEX. There is no standard method to do that assessment. For that purpose we have applied the explosion Layer of Protection Analysis (ExLOPA), which enables semi-quantitative risk assessment for process plants where explosive atmospheres occur. The ExLOPA is based on the original work of CCPS for LOPA taking into account an explosion accident scenario at workplace. That includes typical variables appropriate for workplace explosion like occurrence of the explosive atmosphere, the presence of effective ignition sources, activity of the explosion prevention and mitigation independent protection layers as well as the severity of consequences. All those variables are expressed in the form of qualitative linguistic categories and relations between them are presented using expert based engineering knowledge, expressed in the form of appropriate set of rules. In this way the category of explosion risk may be estimated by the semi-quantitative analysis. However, this simplified method is connected with essential uncertainties providing over or under estimation of the explosion risk and may not provide real output data.In order to overcome this problem and receive more detailed quantitative results, the fuzzy logic system was applied. In the first stage called fuzzification, all linguistic categories of the variables are mapped by fuzzy sets. In the second stage, the number of relation between all variables of analysis are determined by the enumerative combinatorics and the set of the 810 fuzzy rules “IF-THEN” is received. Each rule enables determination of the fuzzy risk level for a particular accident scenario. In the last stage, called defuzzification, the crisp value of final risk is obtained using a centroid method. The final result of the risk presents a contribution of each risk category represented by the fuzzy sets (A, TA, TNA and NA) and is therefore more precise and readable than the traditional approach producing one category of risk only. Fuzzy logic gives a possibility of better insights into hazards and safety phenomena for each explosion risk scenario. It is not possible to receive such conclusions from the traditional ExLOPA calculation results. However it requires the application of computer-aided analyses which may be partially in conflict with a simplicity of ExLOPA.The practical example provides a comparison between the traditional results obtained by ExLOPA and by fuzzy ExLOPA methods.     

环境规制对长三角城市绿色发展的影响——基于技术创新的作用路径分析

环境规制与绿色发展的关系及其作用机制是复杂且有争议的议题。基于长三角41个地级及以上城市2003—2018年的面板数据,首先科学构建绿色发展水平测度的指标体系,计算各城市的绿色发展水平及空间动态演变;其次,借鉴可拓展随机性的环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）,构建面板计量模型,深入探究环境规制对城市绿色发展的影响。研究发现：（1）长三角地区环境规制和绿色发展水平均呈上升趋势,但区域差异显著,绿色发展水平从东南向西北,呈现圈层式递减态势,而环境规制强度重心经历了由东南向西北转移的演变。（2）总体上,环境规制显著影响城市绿色发展,两者间存在倒“U”型关系,即过强的环境规制会抑制城市绿色发展水平的提升。（3）环境规制与技术创新之间存在紧密的联动关系,即环境规制主要通过技术创新这一中介路径促进城市绿色发展转型,其中介效应占总效应的比例约为50.1%。因此,在推动长三角一体化高质量发展过程中,应该根据城市绿色发展效率来制定本地的环境规制,并重视提升本地的技术创新水平,进而实现城市绿色发展转型的目标。     

基于水资源调度的平原河网区城市河道氮迁移转化研究

研究平原河网区城市河道在水资源调度过程中的水文特征和理化特征,探讨基于水资源调度的城市河道氮素形态与组成;在实验模拟条件下,研究基于水资源调度的城市河道沉积物NH+4-N释放过程.结果表明,研究河段在水资源调度作用下水深日变化过程明显;以农历月为单位,水资源调度可以分为轻度置换阶段和深度置换阶段;沿调水路径河道上覆水DO有下降趋势,高锰酸盐指数则呈现升高趋势;沿调水路径上覆水NO-3-N浓度逐渐减少,NH+4-N浓度显著升高;DO与高锰酸盐指数是影响上覆水NO-3-N、NH+4-N浓度的主要因素;沉积物内源NH+4-N释放是上覆水NH+4-N的一个重要来源;水资源调度显著影响(P<0.05)上覆水NH+4-N浓度,对沉积物内源NH+4-N的释放影响不显著(P>0.05).     

Problems and issues in laser beam welding of aluminum–lithium alloys

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys are very attractive for potential aerospace applications due to their lower density, higher specific strength and rigidity, better corrosion and fatigue crack growth resistance properties, compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Laser beam welding (LBW), being an advanced joining method, has already been approved for applications involving aluminum alloys. However, there are still a number of problems and issues to be answered and solved in LBW of Al–Li alloys. In this review, the properties of Al–Li alloys and the characteristics of LBW are introduced, the formation and prevention of the main weld defects such as porosity and hot cracking are discussed, and then the weld microstructure and the joint mechanical properties are described in highlight. At the end, an outlook on future trends is presented.     

相控阵双波法缺陷定量与定性

介绍用相控阵超声检测（PAUT）,借助于缺陷衍射回波信号间距和波幅比,改善对缺陷进行定量定性的方法。缺陷快速定性（分类）和准确定量（测高）对在制检测和在用检测很有实用意义。期盼此法迅速推广应用于承压设备检测。     

Dealing with uncertainty: a case study of controlling insect populations in natural ecosystems

This paper analyses the political process for handling an outbreak of an insect causing human allergic reactions. In the southern part of the Swedish island Gotland in the Baltic Sea, an outbreak of the northern pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pinivora, has occurred. With regard to the human nuisance and long-term effects on the tourist industry, demands have been raised for intervention to reduce and control the insect population. At the same time, there have been warnings against treating the insect population because there are knowledge gaps concerning the wider ecological consequences, including effects on biodiversity. This paper analyses the political process and its problem-solving efforts. Of particular interest is how it dealt with the issue of uncertainty. It was found that the uncertainty associated with the issue hindered the development of a shared understanding of the problem and a possible solution. There seems to be a growing need in society to develop the institutional capacity to handle complex issues that cross different sectors, regulatory frameworks and policy targets.     

Performance Evaluation of Land Use Regulation

Abstract

This article makes a quantitative study on economic performance of arable land protection and land use regulation with dummy variable model. It is shown that land use regulation is favorable for economic growth and protection of arable land and that there are still some problems in the implementation of land use regulation. Thus, it puts forward corresponding suggestion.