废水中2,6-二硝基酚厌氧毒性和降解动力学研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇实验方法,研究了2,6-二硝基酚(2,6-DNP)的厌氧产甲烷毒性和厌氧降解动力学.厌氧毒性试验(ATA)以累计产甲烷量和相对活性(RA)为指标,评价了不同浓度2,6-DNP对产甲烷菌的抑制程度;结果表明,2,6-DNP浓度＜20 mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有抑制作用,浓度为40 mg/L时产生轻度抑制,浓度为80～120 mg/L时产生重度抑制;24 h 2,6-DNP的75%、50%、25%相对抑制浓度分别为30、70和＞120 mg/L.2,6-DNP降解动力学可用Haldane方程来描述,利用非线性拟合求得动力学参数Ks、Rm、Ki分别为179.7 mg/L、4.84 mg/g VSS·h、206.5 mg/L,方差R2=0.94,拟合效果很好.     

氯化消毒过程对抗生素的降解行为及其毒性效应的影响研究进展

抗生素的大量使用导致其通过各种途径进入到污水处理厂、地表水甚至饮用水源水中.在污水处理厂二级出水排放之前以及自来水的生产和供应过程中,都必须进行氯化消毒处理以杀灭病原微生物.在此过程中,抗生素一方面可能被氯化降解,另一方面也可能转化成毒性更高的降解产物.因此,了解抗生素在氯化消毒过程中的降解行为对于明确其生态和健康风险...     

Process of rice straw degradation and dynamic trend of pH by the microbial community MC1

The process of the rice straw degradation in the fermentor with aeration at 290 ml/h was studied. The results of dissolved oxygen （DO） indicated that the optimum DO during cellulose degradation by microbial community MC1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg/L. The change model ofpH values was as follows： irrespective of the initial pH of the medium, pH values decreased rapidly to approximate 6.0 after being inoculated within 48 h when cellulose was strongly degraded, and then increased slowly to 8.0--9.0 until cellulose was degraded completely. During the degradation process, 15 kinds of organic compounds were checked out by GC-MS. Most of them were organic acids. Quantity analysis was carried out, and the maximum content compound was ethyl acetate which reached 13.56 g/L on the day 4. The cellulose degradation quantity and ratio analyses showed that less quantity （under batch fermentation conditions） and longer interval （under semi-fermentation conditions） of rice straw added to fermentation system were contributed to matching the change model of pH, and increasing the quantity and ratio of rice straw degradation during cellulose degrading process. The highest degradation ratio was observed under the condition office straw added one time every five days （under semi-fermentation conditions）.     

卫星光学反射膜光谱反射率空间综合环境退化研究

对玻璃基底和金属基底的铝反射膜在紫外、低能电子、低能质子的综合环境作用下的光谱反射率退化进行了实验研究。试验结果表明两种铝反射膜的光谱反射率均发生了退化,且光谱反射率的退化主要集中在可见光波段,在近红外波段退化很小;玻璃基底铝反射膜退化在420 nm左右出现峰值点,2种金属基底铝反射膜的退化的峰值点在450 nm左右。由于电荷沉积在玻璃中后会抑制带电粒子入射,因此玻璃基底铝反射膜的退化要小于金属基底铝反射膜。     

通风机站风流间相互影响阻力特性研究*

为研究双风机并联机站进口、出口风流相互影响的机站局部阻力特性,构建机站通风局部阻力计算的数学模型,同时运用相似原理建立双风机并联通风机站实验模型,并佐以数值模拟对比验证,分析计算不同风机间距的无量纲数A、不同扩散器结构参数条件下的综合影响系数Kc。结果表明:A与Kc具有二次函数关系,且存在较优的A,使得Kc值最小;Kc值随着L/Df增加而线性减小。研究结果有利于Kc的选取,为高效率通风机站结构设计提供技术及数据支撑。     

联网激光雷达的观测性能综合平行比对

激光雷达以其高精度的探测能力在大气污染研究中得到了广泛应用。由于生产厂家和反演算法等的差异,激光雷达观测数据的质量参差不齐。笔者利用2013年11月和2014年3月2种不同型号激光雷达(高频激光雷达和微脉冲激光雷达) 532 nm波段的气溶胶消光系数和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)光学厚度数据,对2部雷达在不同空气质量下的观测性能进行综合对比。结果表明:2部雷达在不同空气质量条件下探测效果不同,空气质量为优和良时,2部雷达的消光系数比较一致,偏差主要在1 km以下;随着污染加剧,2部雷达在1 km以下的偏差先减小后增大,1 km以上的偏差随高度增大。与AERONET的光学厚度相比,高频激光雷达在轻度污染和严重污染时相对误差较小(3. 23%和26. 75%);微脉冲激光雷达在良和轻度污染时相对误差较小(40. 00%和25. 81%)。2部雷达设备的差异和重污染时不利的气象条件是影响雷达表现的重要原因。该研究作为全国激光雷达联网的前期工作,为全国激光雷达数据的综合应用提供了参考。     

一株高效苯酚降解菌的性能研究及动力学分析

苯酚和酚类化合物是工业废水中的主要环境污染物,如焦化厂、炼油厂和石油化工厂等,去除工业废水中的酚类化合物对环境保护有极其重要的意义。通过富集驯化,从石化污水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选出一株产生物表面活性剂的高效苯酚降解菌。并对其进行了生理生化鉴定及降解性能的研究。实验结果表明,BPH-3菌为假单胞杆菌;菌株最佳的降解条件pH=7.0,温度为30℃,转速为150 r/min,最高耐盐度为3%,在接种量为5%,苯酚初始质量浓度为600 mg/L,菌株12 h内的降解率可达100%。     

铁磁流体对煤粒瓦斯解吸性能影响实验研究*

为探究铁磁流体对煤体瓦斯解吸性能的影响,采用水浴恒温吸附解吸系统,开展0.44,0.65,1.14 MPa 3组不同平衡压力下加铁磁流体前后的瓦斯解吸对比实验,根据Langmuir方程经验公式计算瓦斯极限解吸量和初始扩散系数,分析铁磁流体对煤体瓦斯解吸影响的机理。结果表明:在3组不同平衡压力下加入铁磁流体后瓦斯极限解吸量由2.5,10,20 mL/g降低为2.22,3.33,10 mL/g,降低11.2%,66.7%,50%;初始扩散系数由0.997 1,1.629 9,3.888 3 μm2·s降低为0.685 5,0.997 1,2.933 5 μm2·s,降低31.25%,38.82%,24.56%。在铁磁流体的作用下,煤体瓦斯解吸性能得到大幅降低。     

Degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) and methane production by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion: Effect of temperature and concentration

• PAM degradation in thermophilic AD in comparison with mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and its impact on thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • Enhanced methane yield in presence of PAM during thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and microbial community analysis in thermophilic and mesophilic AD. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is generally employed in wastewater treatment processes such as sludge dewatering and therefore exists in the sludge. Furthermore, it degrades slowly and can deteriorate methane yield during anaerobic digestion (AD). The impact or fate of PAM in AD under thermophilic conditions is still unclear. This study mainly focuses on PAM degradation and enhanced methane production from PAM-added sludge during 15 days of thermophilic (55°C) AD compared to mesophilic (35°C) AD. Sludge and PAM dose from 10 to 50 g/kg TSS were used. The results showed that PAM degraded by 76% to 78% with acrylamide (AM) content of 0.2 to 3.3 mg/L in thermophilic AD. However, it degraded only 27% to 30% with AM content of 0.5 to 7.2 mg/L in mesophilic AD. The methane yield was almost 230 to 238.4 mL/g VSS on the 8th day in thermophilic AD but was 115.2 to 128.6 mL/g VSS in mesophilic AD. Mechanism investigation revealed that thermophilic AD with continuous stirring not only enhanced PAM degradation but also boosted the organics release from the sludge with added PAM and gave higher methane yield than mesophilic AD.     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.